軍隊(duì)文職 英語專業(yè)科目真題_軍隊(duì)文職考試

解放軍文職招聘考試 英國文學(xué)史，英語專業(yè)學(xué)生必備-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-05-21 16:17:42英國文學(xué)史，英語專業(yè)學(xué)生必備英語文學(xué)（English literature）指英語寫成的文學(xué)作品，作者不一定是來自英格蘭。如約瑟夫 康拉德（Joseph Conrad ）是波蘭人，羅伯特 彭斯（Robert Burns ）是蘇格蘭人。詹姆斯 喬伊斯（ James Joyce ）來自愛爾蘭，愛倫 坡（Edgar Allan Poe）來自美國，薩爾曼 魯西迪（Salman Rushdie）來自印度等。在學(xué)術(shù)界， 英語文學(xué) 經(jīng)常都在致力于 英語研究 的部門或項(xiàng)目中進(jìn)行分析與批評。原因在于英格蘭的前殖民地都發(fā)展出了自己的英語文學(xué)，這些地方所使用的英語互相也有區(qū)別。所以英語文學(xué)隨著英語在世界上的變化而發(fā)展出了形形色色的分支。古代文學(xué)威爾士和羅馬時(shí)期留下來的遺產(chǎn)，幾乎被低地日耳曼民族（隨后是斯堪的納維亞人）的入侵徹底摧毀，所以直到中世紀(jì)早期才出現(xiàn)第一批英語文學(xué)。當(dāng)時(shí)使用的語言是各種盎格魯薩克遜方言，其中得到普遍承認(rèn)的最早的 英語 文本是卡德蒙的贊美詩（C aelig;dmon"s hymn）。早期不列顛文化中，口頭傳唱的傳統(tǒng)非常盛行，大多數(shù)文學(xué)作品寫出來就是為表演用的。史詩很受歡迎，但是只有一首《貝奧武夫》（Beowulf）流傳到了后世，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)視作盎格魯薩克遜人的民族史詩?，F(xiàn)存的手稿中，很多盎格魯薩克遜語詩句可能是從大陸上的早期維京或日耳曼戰(zhàn)爭詩歌 弱化 改編而來，不過當(dāng)時(shí)的那些方言卻和今天的挪威語甚至冰島語非常相近。這類詩歌傳入英格蘭時(shí)，仍然是遵循口頭繼承的傳統(tǒng)，輔音押頭韻的大量存在也幫助了盎格魯薩克遜民族記憶這些詩歌。這種韻律是日耳曼語族的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，不同于羅曼語族的元音押尾韻。但當(dāng)坎特伯雷的圣奧古斯?。⊿t. Augustine of Canterbury）和其門徒建立早期的基督教修道院時(shí)，書面文學(xué)才正式登場；而且很可能為了照顧基督教讀者而對這些文學(xué)進(jìn)行了改編。拋開比較原始的詩句外，維京戰(zhàn)爭詩歌仍然充滿了血腥和仇恨，詩中頻繁的押韻描繪出在陰霾的天空下刀光劍影的畫面，總是留給讀者一種危險(xiǎn)就在眼前的感覺。沒有事物能夠永垂不朽，貝奧武甫罄盡一生與怪獸戰(zhàn)斗，但最終死在它手中。這種世事無常、繁花開盡終有時(shí)的悲哀滲透進(jìn)了基督教，極大程度上影響了英語文學(xué)未來的發(fā)展。例如，何處是（ubi sunt）的主題反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在《哈姆雷特》中，很多詹姆士一世時(shí)期的詩歌更是極其明顯。除去復(fù)辟時(shí)期和新古典主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)相對輕松樂觀外，憂郁與焦慮的主題受到英語作家廣泛的偏愛，從哥特小說、前浪漫主義一直到近代浪漫主義的誕生都彌漫著這種情緒。另外古代英語詩歌可以大體分為兩類：宗教詩和世俗詩。中世紀(jì)文學(xué)威廉一世1066年征服英格蘭后，也帶來了諾曼語（Norman），不過古英語詩歌仍然繼續(xù)傳播，古英語也仍在廣泛使用。13世紀(jì)早期英格蘭獨(dú)立后，英語才真正開始轉(zhuǎn)變。隨著諾曼人進(jìn)入主流文化，法語也滲入社會下層，改變了很多古英語的語法和詞匯。雖然英語并沒有轉(zhuǎn)變成羅曼語言，不過喬叟的英語比之前一個(gè)世紀(jì)的英語要貼近今日很多。一般英語使用者讀喬叟的作品（中古英語）是有困難的，但仍能領(lǐng)會大意；讀《貝奧武夫》就必須要用近現(xiàn)代譯本了。中世紀(jì)末期（1200－1500），騎士愛情的主題進(jìn)入英格蘭，作家們開始書寫浪漫作品，形式有韻文或散文等。最著名的作品是亞瑟王的故事。詩歌《高文與綠騎士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）就包含了當(dāng)時(shí)文學(xué)的很多重要特征：亞瑟王時(shí)期的背景、俠義騎士的行為舉止和宗教寓意等。此時(shí)期的英語戲劇非常宗教化。城鎮(zhèn)中上演神秘劇（mystery plays）慶祝主要的宗教節(jié)日，相對不太正式的面具啞?。∕ummers play）也傳達(dá)著基督教的思想。英格蘭文學(xué)史上第一位大作家是杰弗瑞 喬叟（1340-1400；Geoffrey Chaucer）。他使用中古英語寫作，最著名的作品為《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales），是一群去坎特伯雷（Canterbury）的朝圣者在旅途中各自講述的故事，敍述形式迥異。值得注意的是，這些人來自社會的不同階層，因此他們所使用的語言和故事的內(nèi)容也是形形色色。雖然喬叟是英語作家，他也受到了歐洲文學(xué)發(fā)展的啟發(fā)，特別是意大利。《坎特伯雷故事集》深受薄伽丘（Giovanni Boccaccio）的《十日談》（Decameron）的影響。文藝復(fù)興已經(jīng)逐漸向不列顛傳來。文藝復(fù)興1476年印刷家威廉 卡克斯頓（William Caxton）將印刷機(jī)引入英格蘭后，白話文學(xué)開始蓬勃發(fā)展。宗教改革帶來了白話文的禮拜儀式，最終產(chǎn)生了《公禱書》（The Book of Common Prayer），對英語文學(xué)造成了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。英語文學(xué)的文藝復(fù)興一直延伸至17世紀(jì)中葉查理二世復(fù)辟為止，在戲劇、詩歌等方面產(chǎn)生了莎士比亞、馬洛、斯賓塞、瓊森等一批聞名世界的文學(xué)大師。伊麗莎白時(shí)期伊麗莎白時(shí)期（伊麗莎白一世于1558年至1603年在位）的英格蘭社會從幾近分裂的混亂狀態(tài)逐漸發(fā)展到富有強(qiáng)大，因此稱作英格蘭歷史上的 黃金時(shí)代 。英語文學(xué)也是盛極一時(shí)，尤其是在戲劇方面?！魬騽∫獯罄乃噺?fù)興重新發(fā)現(xiàn)了古希臘羅馬戲劇，開始與傳統(tǒng)的中世紀(jì)神秘劇漸行漸遠(yuǎn)。意大利劇作家尤其對塞內(nèi)卡（Seneca）感興趣，他是古羅馬時(shí)代有名的悲劇作家和哲學(xué)家，是尼祿和普勞圖斯的導(dǎo)師。不過，意大利悲劇有一點(diǎn)和塞內(nèi)卡的理論不同：允許在舞臺上展現(xiàn)血腥與暴力；在塞內(nèi)卡的戲劇中此類場景都是通過角色敍述出來的。英格蘭的劇作家對意大利戲劇產(chǎn)生了濃厚興趣，當(dāng)時(shí)一大群意大利演員在倫敦定居下來。喬凡尼 傅羅瑞（Giovanni Florio）將很多意大利詞匯和意大利文化介紹進(jìn)英國。伊麗莎白時(shí)代動(dòng)蕩不安，意大利多起政治暗殺使民眾對教廷的恐懼有增無減。所以，將這種暴力呈現(xiàn)在舞臺上，對伊麗莎白時(shí)代的英格蘭觀眾來講更有感情凈化宣洩的作用。威廉 莎士比亞莎士比亞（William Shakespeare）便出現(xiàn)在這個(gè)時(shí)期。他借鑒早期伊麗莎白戲劇的傳統(tǒng)，創(chuàng)作出了至今仍沒有其他英語戲劇能夠超越的鉅作。雖然他作為詩人和劇作家出名，但本身并不是從事文學(xué)職業(yè)，可能接受的正式教育也不多。當(dāng)時(shí)律師、貴族等 大學(xué)才子 （university wits）壟斷了英語舞臺，他不屬于其中任何一類，但極有天賦，多才多藝。莎士比亞在成為詩人之前也做過演員，在戲劇之外的工作也讓他有很強(qiáng)的優(yōu)勢。他的作品很少單調(diào)，因?yàn)槊鎸Φ挠^眾群很廣，各個(gè)階層的人都能從中找到感興趣的東西。雖然很多戲劇都比較成功，但他在晚期（詹姆士一世統(tǒng)治早期）才寫出自己最高峰的作品：《哈姆雷特》、《李爾王》（King Lear）、《馬克白》（Macbeth）、《終成眷屬》（All"s Well that ends well ）、《暴風(fēng)雨》（The Tempest）等。莎士比亞的詞匯量大得驚人，后世的英國作者們都多多少少受到他藝術(shù)上或語言上的影響。伊麗莎白戲劇領(lǐng)域其他著名人物有克利斯托弗 馬洛（1564-1593；Christopher Marlowe）、托馬斯 德克（Thomas Dekker）、約翰 弗萊徹（John Fletcher）和弗朗西斯 博蒙（Francis Beaumont）等。20世紀(jì)小說家和評論家安東尼 伯吉斯認(rèn)為，如果馬洛不是29歲時(shí)在酒館斗毆中被捅死，憑藉他的才華能夠與莎士比亞一爭高下。馬洛只比莎士比亞晚幾個(gè)星期出生，因此應(yīng)該對他非常熟悉。但馬洛的戲劇主題不同，著重強(qiáng)調(diào)文藝復(fù)興文人的道德問題。他對近代科學(xué)的發(fā)展帶來的新事物既著迷又恐懼。戲劇《浮士德博士》（Doctor Faustus）中借鑒了德國的傳說，講述了一位科學(xué)家和魔法師浮士德博士為渴求科技與魔鬼定下契約的故事。馬洛本人的生活非常放浪，不過很多人懷疑這只是掩蓋，他其實(shí)是伊麗莎白一世的密探；他的死是王室的敵人預(yù)先策劃的。馬洛作品使無韻體詩文更加完善，將活力和宏偉加入其中，夸張法也是他常用的手段之一。博蒙特和弗萊徹雖沒有馬洛出名，但在當(dāng)時(shí)也受歡迎。學(xué)界普遍認(rèn)為他們幫助了莎士比亞完成了一些巔峰時(shí)期的作品。 城市喜劇 的形式也在這個(gè)時(shí)期得以發(fā)展?！粼姼?6世紀(jì)末期，英語詩歌的特點(diǎn)是語言復(fù)雜精美，有海量對古希臘羅馬神話的引用典故。這段時(shí)期最著名的詩人包括斯賓塞（Edmund Spenser）和菲利普 錫德尼爵士（Sir Philip Sidney）。斯賓塞的名作有《仙后》（The Faerie Queene），由于他的詩韻律精美，也被稱為 詩人中的詩人 。除戲劇外，莎士比亞也通過改編彼特拉克（Francesco Petrarch）的模式創(chuàng)造出英語的十四行詩（Shakespearean sonnet）。十四行詩由外交官和詩人托馬斯 懷亞特在16世紀(jì)早期引入英國。隨著印刷文學(xué)進(jìn)入尋常百姓家庭，用于譜曲的詩歌也流行起來。詹姆士一世時(shí)期詹姆士一世于1603年至1625年在位，這段期間內(nèi)英國的建筑、藝術(shù)、文學(xué)都獨(dú)具特色?！粼姼璩ド勘葋喭?，17世紀(jì)早期的主要詩人包括約翰 鄧恩（John Donne）和其他玄學(xué)派詩人。受到歐陸巴洛克風(fēng)格的影響，同時(shí)選用基督教神秘主義和情色主題，玄學(xué)詩歌運(yùn)用指南針、蚊子等新奇的或 沒有詩感 的物體來達(dá)到驚奇的效果。詩中體現(xiàn)出來的恐懼和焦慮也象征著近代地理科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)對傳統(tǒng)思想的沖擊。鄧恩的代表集是《歌與十四行詩》（Songs and Sonnets），他的詩體現(xiàn)出來的內(nèi)容和感受非常現(xiàn)實(shí)，并沒有太強(qiáng)的詩化色彩?！魬騽∪缟纤觯勘葋喫囆g(shù)成就最高的作品都是在此時(shí)期完成。他死后，詩人和劇作家本 瓊森（Ben Jonson）在這個(gè)時(shí)代最為著名。不過，瓊森的審美觀事傾向于中世紀(jì)的，而不是都鐸王朝。他筆下的角色都遵循著舊時(shí)的 體液理論 。瓊森強(qiáng)調(diào)四元素的不同造成了人的行為差異，創(chuàng)造出已經(jīng)有些陳詞濫調(diào)的形象；而莎士比亞早已轉(zhuǎn)向了近代心理學(xué)。但瓊森對文體的掌握得心應(yīng)手，也是個(gè)出色的諷刺大師。他寫的《狐坡尼》（Volpone）就講述了一群騙子被另一個(gè)騙子高手戲耍的故事，表達(dá)了善惡有報(bào)的主題。其他與瓊森風(fēng)格相近的作家有博蒙和弗萊徹（Beaumont and Fletcher）。他們兩人合作也創(chuàng)作出精彩的喜劇《燒火杵之王》（The Knight of the Burning Pestle），對新生的中產(chǎn)階級和暴發(fā)戶進(jìn)行了諷刺。兩個(gè)人作品的主要價(jià)值之一在于，他們描繪了封建制度和騎士精神早已經(jīng)變成了勢利的象征，而新興的社會階層正在逐漸升起。這個(gè)時(shí)期內(nèi)， 復(fù)仇戲劇 （revenge play）也很流行，主要人物是約翰 韋伯斯特（John Webster）和托馬斯 基德（Thomas Kyd）。喬治 查普曼（George Chapman）也寫了兩篇復(fù)仇悲劇，但他主要的貢獻(xiàn)是翻譯了《荷馬史詩》。譯本對其后所有的英語文學(xué)產(chǎn)生了極大的影響（后世的濟(jì)慈（John Keats）也是受到了荷馬史詩的啟發(fā)才寫出了很多著名的詩篇）?！羯⑽恼材肥恳皇赖挠⒒蕷J定本《圣經(jīng)》是當(dāng)時(shí)英國歷史上最大的翻譯工程之一，1604年開始，1611年結(jié)束。從威廉 丁道爾開始，一直有人致力于將《圣經(jīng)》翻譯為英文，發(fā)展到這時(shí)達(dá)到了頂峰。英皇欽定本成為英國國教（圣公會）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版本，也是英語文學(xué)史上最著名的作品之一。詹姆士一世親自領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，監(jiān)督下屬的四十七位學(xué)者。1970年后完成了一部更準(zhǔn)確的譯本，其后也出現(xiàn)很多版本；不過相比較而言詹姆士一世的詩句最為出色，格律模仿了希伯來語原文的韻文。培根是這時(shí)期另一位散文家，在文學(xué)上的代表作有文筆優(yōu)美的《散文集》。查理一世時(shí)期查理一世于1625年至1649年在位，期間國王和議會沖突不斷，最終爆發(fā)英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。保王黨詩人（Cavalier poets）的作品是這個(gè)時(shí)期比較有名的文學(xué)。這些詩人是在英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中支持查理一世的一派，包括瓊森等。共和與護(hù)國政體時(shí)期1649年至1660年為共和時(shí)期（the Commenwealth），中間（1653年－1659年）則穿插著護(hù)國政體時(shí)期（the Protectorate）。這段時(shí)間清教統(tǒng)治者嚴(yán)禁公開的戲劇表演，給英語戲劇的發(fā)展造成沉重打擊。約翰 彌爾頓在這個(gè)時(shí)期很活躍，著名散文有《論岀版自由》等。玄學(xué)詩人安德魯 馬維爾在這段動(dòng)蕩的時(shí)期內(nèi)也很有名。日記作家約翰 伊夫林和薩繆爾 佩皮斯也描繪出了當(dāng)時(shí)的文化與社會景觀。新古典主義文學(xué)英語文學(xué)的新古典主義時(shí)期，從1660年查理二世復(fù)辟起，到1798年浪漫主義宣言《抒情民謠集》岀現(xiàn)結(jié)束。18世紀(jì)的英格蘭受到法國起源的啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)影響，稱作 啟蒙時(shí)代 或 理性時(shí)代 。詩歌風(fēng)格非常古典；現(xiàn)實(shí)風(fēng)格的小說十分流行；哥特式小說也很有市場；到18世紀(jì)末時(shí)，感傷主義小說也逐漸興起，最終由浪漫主義取代繼承。復(fù)辟時(shí)期查理二世于1660年（實(shí)際）至1685年在位（復(fù)辟時(shí)期則一般延伸至1689年）。其間詩歌、戲劇、散文等體裁的分段時(shí)間并不相同，但大體都于17世紀(jì)末期結(jié)束?！魬騽≡试S劇院重新開張后，出現(xiàn)了 復(fù)辟喜劇 形式，對新貴族和崛起的資產(chǎn)階級進(jìn)行諷刺。前一代人的社會動(dòng)蕩不安，隨之引發(fā)社會人群大規(guī)模的階層流動(dòng)，這些都為 禮俗喜劇 （comedy of manners，也譯作世態(tài)喜劇、社會風(fēng)情喜劇等）提供了素材。第一位職業(yè)女性英語小說家、劇作家阿芙拉 班就出現(xiàn)在這個(gè)時(shí)期。愛爾蘭岀生的威廉 康格里夫也是復(fù)辟喜劇最有名的劇作家之一。◆散文、小說約翰 本仁創(chuàng)作了英語文學(xué)中最著名的宗教寓言故事《天路歷程》，風(fēng)格借鑒自英文《圣經(jīng)》，筆法具體詳細(xì)又十分生動(dòng)，即使是社會最底層的民眾也能夠閱讀。全篇貫穿著 生命即旅程 的主題?！粼姼杓s翰 彌爾頓在1667年出版經(jīng)典的宗教史詩《失樂園》，在強(qiáng)調(diào)自由意志和選擇的基調(diào)上講述了圣經(jīng)中人類墮落的故事；除此之外還著有《復(fù)樂園》和《力士參孫》。約翰 德萊頓也是有名的詩人、文學(xué)批評家和劇作家。他最高成就在諷刺詩方面，押韻偶句也十分出色。他的詩歌被蒲柏和約翰遜等人借鑒，在18世紀(jì)的影響很大。奧古斯都時(shí)期在當(dāng)代文學(xué)批評界的時(shí)間劃分中，英語文學(xué)的奧古斯都時(shí)期（Augustan Age）大體岀現(xiàn)在1700年至1760年左右（有人認(rèn)為可以延伸到1789年），其間在位的君主有安妮女王、喬治一世和喬治二世（或加上喬治三世）。這段時(shí)期英語小說迅猛成長，諷刺文學(xué)遍地開花，戲劇從偏重于政治轉(zhuǎn)向通俗的情節(jié)劇。當(dāng)時(shí)資本主義蓬勃發(fā)展、重商主義成為一門正式的價(jià)值體系，貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)深入人心，哲學(xué)上經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。◆詩歌不少詩人很大程度上受到古拉丁文學(xué)的啟發(fā)，體裁極為正式，在亞歷山大 蒲柏的作品中能清晰體現(xiàn)岀來。蒲柏本人堅(jiān)定支持新古典主義的發(fā)展，他認(rèn)為當(dāng)時(shí)社會的現(xiàn)存體制已經(jīng)很理想，但也非對道德、文化的急速淪喪視而不見。他的代表作有《秀發(fā)劫》（或《奪發(fā)記》）、《論人》、《論批評》和《笨伯詠》等，也翻譯了《奧德賽》和《伊利亞特》。托馬斯 格雷1751年寫成《墓園挽歌》（或《鄉(xiāng)村墓園挽歌》、《挽歌辭》等）是英語文學(xué)中最著名的挽歌之一。格雷寫作十分謹(jǐn)慎、極為斟酌用詞，注重形式和詩句的完美。詩歌外觀精美，詩意復(fù)雜間接，人工雕琢的跡象十分明顯。當(dāng)時(shí)很多人都屬于這一派，稱作墓園詩人（有時(shí)候也叫 前浪漫主義詩人 ），抒發(fā)著憂郁的情緒和對自然的熱愛?！粜≌f英語小說直到18世紀(jì)才開始廣泛流行。到18世紀(jì)中葉時(shí)，經(jīng)過知名作者的努力，小說形式已經(jīng)完全鞏固了地位。丹尼爾 笛福的《魯濱遜漂流記》出版于1719年，在當(dāng)時(shí)非常流行。魯濱遜象征著當(dāng)時(shí)英國社會典型的中產(chǎn)階級形象：大英帝國的建設(shè)者，先鋒殖民者，辛勤勞動(dòng)和清教堅(jiān)忍性格的化身。喬納森 斯威夫特的經(jīng)典諷刺小說《格列佛游記》出版于1726年，其中的 小人國 也已經(jīng)成為兒童文學(xué)的一部分。但原書的主要目的在于諷刺當(dāng)時(shí)英國社會和政府中各種荒誕可笑的現(xiàn)象，小說中其他三個(gè)國家，尤其是 天空之城 犀利揭露了人類社會的弊病和惡習(xí)。亨利 菲爾丁的《湯姆 瓊斯》完成于1749年，對人性善惡有深刻的描繪。菲爾丁認(rèn)為，小說的目的不應(yīng)該只有娛樂，也要指導(dǎo)讀者，要通過真實(shí)描寫現(xiàn)實(shí)生活來幫助人們更加清晰地認(rèn)識自我。他試圖保留古典作品中的史詩風(fēng)格，同時(shí)又忠于現(xiàn)實(shí)。語言輕松親切、惟妙惟肖；詞句邏輯性很強(qiáng)，也很有韻律；作品的整體構(gòu)架也經(jīng)過精心的設(shè)計(jì)。勞倫斯 斯特恩的《項(xiàng)狄傳》創(chuàng)作于1760-1770年中，風(fēng)靡全歐。書中所用的風(fēng)格是后世意識流作品的前身。偏愛書信體小說的塞繆爾 理查遜在1740年出版了《帕蜜拉》，1748年出版了《克拉麗莎》。他的作品十分注重宣揚(yáng)當(dāng)時(shí)的正統(tǒng)道德觀，尤其是最有名的這兩本都是在講述婦女的貞操品行。理查遜在當(dāng)時(shí)也是很有名的小說家，作品影響到了盧梭、歌德、珍 奧斯汀等人。托比亞斯 斯摩萊特是蘇格蘭的小說家，他的作品對后世的狄更斯影響很深?！魬騽蹱柼m劇作家理查德 布林斯利 謝立丹的經(jīng)典之作是1777年的《丑聞學(xué)?！罚ɑ颉对熘{學(xué)?！罚?，文學(xué)界認(rèn)為此劇是英語 禮俗喜劇 的巔峰之作之一。他的戲劇經(jīng)常強(qiáng)調(diào)人類的道德性。當(dāng)時(shí)同樣出名的劇作家還有愛爾蘭的奧利佛 戈德史密斯，他最著名的作品是《威克斐牧師傳》?！羝渌_繆爾 約翰遜1755年完成了第一部英格蘭人寫成的英語字典。除此之外，他還是有名的文學(xué)批評家、詩人、散文家、傳記作家等。他非常著重人類愿望的虛榮性，在文學(xué)創(chuàng)作上標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相對保守，強(qiáng)調(diào)作者應(yīng)該領(lǐng)會普世的真理。浪漫主義文學(xué)蒸氣機(jī)的運(yùn)用使英格蘭城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生翻天覆地的變化，工業(yè)化使城鎮(zhèn)擴(kuò)大，圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)和農(nóng)場私有化使鄉(xiāng)村人口迅速減少。很多失去土地的貧農(nóng)涌進(jìn)城市到工廠里工作。五個(gè)詞的含義改變：industry（工業(yè)，曾指創(chuàng)新）、democracy（民主，曾是貶義詞，指暴民統(tǒng)治）、class（帶上了階級含義）、art（藝術(shù)，原來的意思只有工藝、手藝）和culture（文化，原來只和務(wù)農(nóng)有關(guān)）。與此相反，工人們的慘境、新生的階級沖突和環(huán)境污染使人們對都市化和工業(yè)化產(chǎn)生了厭煩情緒，促使文學(xué)家轉(zhuǎn)而重新去發(fā)現(xiàn)大自然的美麗和價(jià)值。人們將大地母親視做唯一的智慧源泉，機(jī)器帶來的丑陋只有大自然才能夠?qū)⑵浠?。法國啟蒙思想家盧梭十分強(qiáng)調(diào)自然和本能相對文明的優(yōu)越性，這種思想很快就為幾乎所有歐洲詩人接受。英語文學(xué)的浪漫主義時(shí)期一般認(rèn)為從1798年《抒情民謠集》發(fā)表正式開始（之前有幾位先驅(qū)），到1832年沃爾特 司各特爵士辭世和改革法案（Reform Act 1832）通過結(jié)束。當(dāng)時(shí)在位的君主有喬治三世、喬治四世，還可以算上威廉四世?！粝闰?qū)威廉 布萊克和羅伯特 彭斯?！艉吓稍娙擞⒏裉m首先出現(xiàn)的浪漫主義文人是湖畔派詩人等一小群友人，包括騷塞、華茲華斯和柯勒律治等。他們?yōu)槲膶W(xué)界注入了新鮮的情感主義和內(nèi)省的理念；英語文學(xué)中第一部浪漫主義宣言就出現(xiàn)在《抒情民謠集》的前言中。這部集子大部分都是華茲華斯的功勞，柯勒律治也貢獻(xiàn)了著名的《古舟子詠》。不過兩人對浪漫主義的理解大相逕庭：柯勒律治努力要把超自然的事物現(xiàn)實(shí)化（就像今日的科幻電影中運(yùn)用特殊效果讓不可能成為可能一樣）；華茲華斯則希望通過描繪現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的真實(shí)人物或湖區(qū)的自然風(fēng)光來使讀者自己進(jìn)行豐富的想象。◆積極浪漫主義第二代 浪漫主義詩人包括拜倫、雪萊、瑪麗 雪萊和濟(jì)慈等，和第一批湖畔詩人描寫田園風(fēng)光不同，他們的作品鮮明體現(xiàn)岀對抗傳統(tǒng)的戰(zhàn)斗性。雪萊和拜倫十分相像：也是富裕貴族出身，信奉無神論和自由思想，迫于性丑聞逃離英格蘭。他先是因?yàn)闊o神論從大學(xué)趕了出來，后是因?yàn)橹С謵蹱柼m獨(dú)立從英格蘭趕了出來。之前娶過一位16歲少女哈莉特 維斯布魯克，但很快就拋棄了對方選擇了瑪麗（哈莉特隨后自殺）。哈莉特不同意他對自由戀愛和無政府主義的理想，也沒有受過足夠的教育能夠與他文學(xué)辯論。雪萊的代表作是《西風(fēng)頌》，盡管他聲稱絕不相信有神的存在，但普遍認(rèn)為這首詩是對泛神論的致敬，承認(rèn)了大自然中的精神存在?，旣?雪萊是哲學(xué)家、革命家威廉 高德溫的女兒，與雪萊興趣相投，自己也是一位詩人。和已故的母親瑪麗 沃斯通克拉夫特一樣都是女權(quán)主義者?，旣惒皇且?yàn)樵姼璩雒?，而是作為科幻小說之母廣為人知?？茖W(xué)怪人的故事提前預(yù)計(jì)了今天的器官移植、組織再生等技術(shù)，也提出了今天仍在困擾人類的道德倫理問題。但這個(gè)故事同樣也很富有浪漫主義氣息：雖然 怪物 聰明善良，但因?yàn)橹車藢λ目謶趾退救说慕^望使其終于淪為殺人的機(jī)器。約翰 濟(jì)慈可能不是很同意拜倫和雪萊的極端革命理念，不過他對泛神論的崇拜和雪萊一樣十分重要。濟(jì)慈對古希臘的事物很感興趣，他對藝術(shù)的強(qiáng)調(diào)尤其體現(xiàn)在《希臘古甕詠》中，這種情感為浪漫主義帶來一股清新的空氣，后來也啟發(fā)了沃特 佩特和奧斯卡 王爾德等人為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)的理念。維多利亞時(shí)代威廉四世逝世后，英國開始了長達(dá)63年的維多利亞女王統(tǒng)治時(shí)期（1837年至1901年）。這段時(shí)期是其工業(yè)革命和大英帝國的頂峰，號稱 日不落帝國 ，經(jīng)濟(jì)政治勢力空前強(qiáng)盛，文學(xué)、藝術(shù)、建筑和科技都有很大發(fā)展。文學(xué)中體現(xiàn)岀的此時(shí)代精神風(fēng)貌，既包括一整套高貴、體面、嚴(yán)肅、克制的道德體系，同時(shí)又深刻揭露岀當(dāng)時(shí)飛速發(fā)展擴(kuò)張的社會中種種殘酷的陰暗面，如泛濫的賣淫嫖娼、雇傭童工現(xiàn)象，帝國主義無情剝削殖民地和工人階級等等。不但描繪著上流社會雍容華貴、爾虞我詐的奢侈享樂，還講述著中產(chǎn)階級虛榮、掙扎著向上攀爬的刻意體面生活，又刻畫岀下層人民食不果腹、艱辛困苦的悲慘境地。19世紀(jì)后期到20世紀(jì)初期，愛爾蘭產(chǎn)生了葉芝、蕭伯納、王爾德、喬伊斯等一批享譽(yù)世界的大文豪。這些人用英語寫作的作品刻畫了世紀(jì)之交英國、愛爾蘭以及歐洲的社會景觀、文學(xué)藝術(shù)思潮和民生百態(tài)，是英語文學(xué)中璀璨的明珠?！粜≌f維多利亞時(shí)期內(nèi)，小說成為英語文學(xué)的主流形式。大多數(shù)作家都開始轉(zhuǎn)向規(guī)模逐漸擴(kuò)大的中產(chǎn)階級，普通民眾的品位喜好越來越比貴族資助者的更加具有誘惑力。簡 奧斯丁逝于1817年（維多利亞時(shí)代之前），處于浪漫主義文學(xué)和維多利亞文學(xué)之間的過渡期。她的小說從女性的視角描繪了沒落貴族的生活，用諷刺幽默的筆法呈現(xiàn)出當(dāng)時(shí)英格蘭的社會問題，尤其是婚姻和金錢。查爾斯 狄更斯于19世紀(jì)30年代岀現(xiàn)在文學(xué)舞臺上，也采用了當(dāng)時(shí)的連載岀版風(fēng)潮。狄更斯重視描繪出倫敦日常生活的景觀，尤其是下層社會窮人的掙扎與拼搏，不過筆法相對詼諧幽默，哪個(gè)階層的讀者都能夠接受。早期的作品《匹克威克外傳》等都是喜劇的經(jīng)典之作。到后期，他的作品如《雙城記》、《遠(yuǎn)大前程》等內(nèi)容要嚴(yán)肅灰暗許多，但筆鋒仍然未失諷刺夸張的特色。其他著名的有勃朗特姐妹的作品、薩克雷的諷刺小說《名利場》、喬治 艾略特的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說和安東尼 特羅洛普對地主階級日常生活的忠實(shí)刻畫。以托馬斯 哈代為代表的一群小說家對鄉(xiāng)村生活興趣頗深，在作品中描繪出鄉(xiāng)下地區(qū)迅速變遷的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境以及對普通民眾生活、心理的沖擊與影響?！粼姼柽@段時(shí)期重要的詩人包括丁尼生、羅伯特 勃朗寧和伊麗莎白 巴瑞特 勃朗寧夫婦，還有馬修 阿諾德。約翰 拉斯金和羅塞蒂在詩歌方面也有很高成就?！魬騽∈挷{和奧斯卡 王爾德都是愛爾蘭岀生的劇作家，大部分時(shí)間居住在英格蘭，用英語寫作。二人在19世紀(jì)末期的岀現(xiàn)象徴著愛爾蘭戲劇的成熟。王爾德在當(dāng)時(shí)的英格蘭和美國都十分有名氣，是唯美主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的倡導(dǎo)者。蕭伯納的作品則跨越了維多利亞時(shí)代，一戰(zhàn)后仍然在創(chuàng)作；除此之外他還是著名的文學(xué)藝術(shù)評論家，但他在政治立場上親斯大林，甚至有些發(fā)言能解讀成親希特勒，還說過一些反猶太主義的話，因此在這點(diǎn)上也是飽受后人批評?！羝渌档靡惶岬倪€有兒童文學(xué)。最著名的是劉易斯 卡羅爾的《愛麗絲夢游仙境》，其中運(yùn)用大量的 胡話詩 和奇異的場景與對話描寫。同樣偏好 胡話詩 的還有愛德華 李爾。20世紀(jì)初期1901年至1910年，英王愛德華七世在位，稱作愛德華（七世）時(shí)期（有時(shí)這段時(shí)期也延伸到1914年或1918年）。喬治五世于1910年至1936年在位，經(jīng)歷了第一次世界大戰(zhàn)。愛德華時(shí)期的英國社會對歐陸藝術(shù)和風(fēng)尚十分癡迷，當(dāng)時(shí)的階級劃分也最為僵化。經(jīng)歷維多利亞時(shí)期的殖民擴(kuò)張，帝國主義和種族主義的思想在英語文學(xué)中較為普遍?，F(xiàn)代主義運(yùn)動(dòng)在1910年左右也開始興盛。一戰(zhàn)過后，戰(zhàn)爭的殘酷讓很多文人放棄了 愛國主義 和帝國主義的主題。印度出生的盧迪亞 吉卜林是20世紀(jì)初期受歡迎的英語作家之一。他的作品題材變化萬千，包括小說、短篇小說和詩歌等等。內(nèi)容大多數(shù)根據(jù)他在英國統(tǒng)治印度期間的親身經(jīng)歷而來。吉卜林在一戰(zhàn)前堅(jiān)決支持帝國主義，也被后人抨擊有強(qiáng)烈的種族主義和反猶太主義思想，因此在現(xiàn)當(dāng)代的名聲并不好?！粼姼柰旭R斯 哈代在1895年出版《無名的裘德》，書中闡述的婚姻道德觀與當(dāng)時(shí)社會格格不入，評論家和公眾的狂轟濫炸導(dǎo)致他一怒之下放棄小說創(chuàng)作，轉(zhuǎn)而寫作詩歌。在20世紀(jì)前10年中，他是英語詩歌的代表人物之一。《喬治詩集》（Georgian Poetry）是在喬治五世時(shí)期由愛德華 馬什（Edward Marsh）編輯、哈羅德 門羅（Harold Monro）岀版的詩集，包括愛德蒙 布倫登、羅伯特 格雷夫斯、D.H.勞倫斯、德拉 梅爾、西格夫里 薩松等人。這些詩作所代表的時(shí)代處于極其古典的維多利亞文學(xué)之后，又在拋棄純唯美主義的現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)之前。喬治詩歌的共同點(diǎn)包括浪漫主義、感傷主義和享樂主義等情緒?！粜≌f約瑟夫 康拉德是波蘭岀生的英國小說家。他的作品融合了浪漫主義和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，又涉及現(xiàn)代人的曖昧道德觀。所以不少評論家認(rèn)為他是現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)的先驅(qū)。他的小說通常圍繞水手和大海的主題展開。

解放軍文職招聘考試2014年6月英語四級真題(第二套)-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-06-18 18:52:362014年6月英語四級真題(第二套)聽力文本Section AA)They came in five different colors.B)They were good value for money.C)They were a very good design.D)They were sold out very quickly.A)Ask her roommate not to speak loudly on the phone.B)Ask her roommate to make her phone calls outside.C)Go and find a quieter place to review her lessons.D)Report her problem to the dorm management.A)The washing machine is totally beyond repair.B)He will help Wendy prepare her annual report.C)Wendy should give priority to writing her report.D)The washing machine should be checked annually.A)The man fell down when removing the painting.B)The wall will be decorated with a new painting.C)The woman likes the painting on the wall.D)The painting is now being reframed.A)It must be missing.B)It was left in the room.C)The man took it to the market.D)She placed it on the dressing table.A)Go to a play.B)Meet Janet.C)Book some tickets.D)Have a get-together.A)One box of books is found missing.B)Some of the boxes arrived too late.C)C) Replacements have to be ordered.D)Some of the books are damaged.A) The man will pick up Professor Johnson at her office.B) The man did not expect his paper to be graded so soon.C) Professor Johnson has given the man a very high grade.D) Professor Johnson will talk to each student in her office.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.A)To buy a present for his friend who is getting married.B)To find out the cost for a complete set of cookware.C)To see what he could ask his friends to buy for him.D)To make inquiries about the price of an electric cooker.A) To teach him how to use the kitchenware.B) To discuss cooking experiences with him.C) To tell him how to prepare delicious dishes.D) To recommend suitable kitchenware to him.A) There are so many different sorts of knives.B) Cooking devices are such practical presents.C) A mixer can save so much time in making cakes.D) Saucepans and frying pans arc a must in the kitchen.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.A) Some now problems in her work.B) Cooperation with an international bank.C) Her chance for promotion in the bank.D) Her intention to leave her present job.A) The World Bank.B) Bank of Washington.C) A US finance corporation.D) An investment bank in New York.A) Supervising financial transactions.B) Taking charge of public relations.C) Making loans to private companies in developing countries.D) Offering service to international companies in the United States.A) It is a first major step to realizing the woman s dream.B) It is an honor for the woman and her present employer.C) It is a loss for her current company.D) It is really beyond his expectation.Section BPassage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.A) Carry out a thorough checkup.B) Try to keep the gas tank full.C) Keep extra gas in reserve.D) Fill up the water tank.A)Attempting to leave your car to seek help.B)Opening a window a hit to let in fresh air.C) Running the engine every now and then.D) Keeping the heater on for a long time.A) It exhausts you physically.B) It makes you fall asleep easily.C) It causes you to lose body heat.D) It consumes too much oxygen.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.A)They are very generous in giving gifts.B)They refuse gifts when doing business.C)They regard gifts as a token of friendship.D)They give gifts only on special occasions.A)They enjoy giving gifts to other people.B)They spend a lot of time choosing gifts.C)They have to follow many specific rules.D)They pay attention to the quality of gifts.A) Gift-giving plays an important role in human relationships.B) We must be aware of cultural differences in giving gilts.C) We must learn how to give gifts before going abroad.D) Reading extensively makes one a better gift-giver.Passage ThreeQuestions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.A) It reflects American people s view of French politics.B) It is first published in Washington and then in Paris.C) It explains American politics to the French public.D) It is popular among French government officials.A) Work on her column.B) Do housework at home.C) Entertain her guests.D) Go shopping downtown.A) To report to her newspaper.B) To refresh her French.C) To visit her parents.D) To meet her friends.A) She might be recalled to France.B) She might change her profession.C) She might close her Monday column.D) She might be assigned to a new post.Section CAccording to American law, if someone is accused of a crime, he is considered ___26___ until the court proves the person is guilty.To arrest a person, the police have to be reasonably sure that a crime has been ___27___. The police must give the suspect the reasons why they arc arresting him and tell him his rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the police station, where the name of the person and the ___28___ against him arc formally listed.The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or ___29___. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court ___30___ run away. he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail（保釋金）. At this time, too, the judge will ___31___ a court lawyer to defend the suspect if he can t afford one.The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from the district attorney s office presents a case against the suspect. The attorney may present ___32___ as well as witnesses. The judge then decides whether there is enough reason to ___33___.The American justice system is very complex and sometimes operates slowly. However, every step is ___34___ to protect the rights of the people. These individual rights are the ___35___ of the American government.M: Did you buy any of the sweaters that we are on sale?W: Buy any? I got five of them. They were such a good bargain.Q: What does the woman say about the sweaters?W: I have trouble concentrating when my roommate talks so loud on her mobile phone.M: Why don t you just ask her to lower her voice?Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?W: Wendy s in the basement, trying to fix the washing machine.M: Shouldn t she be working on her annual report?Q: What does the man mean?W: What happened to the painting that used to be on the wall?M: It fell down and the glass broke. I m having it reframed.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?M: You must have left the camera in the market. It s a very expensive camera you know.W: But I tell you that I didn t take it. I remember clearly that you put it on the dressing table.Q: What does the woman say about the camera?W: There is a good comedy on at the theatre Royal next Saturday. If you like, I can book four seats for us.M: All right. I ll ask Janet if she is free then. I ll let you know tomorrow.Q: What does the woman suggest they do next Saturday?W: We ve opened the first box. Look! Some of these books are soaked.M: They should ve used waterproof wrappings. What are we going to do about it? It s too late to order replacements.Q: What do we learn about the conversation?W: Professor Johnson said you can pick up your term paper at her office.M: So she has graded it?Q: What can we infer from the conversation?Long Conversation 1W: Can I help you?M: Well. I m not sure. I hope so. (9) You see, actually, I m getting married soon. And my friends want to buy me presents and things.W: And would you like some things for the kitchen.M: Yes, that s right. I thought if I could find out things about kitchen things. They would be the best sorts of presents.W: Well. I suppose the first thing you need is a cooker. Do you like an electron one or a gas one?M: Hm. I think I probably prefer a gas one. But cookers are very expensive. Aren t they? How much is this one?W: It s 175 pounds, including tax and delivery. It s a very good one though.M: But It s a lot of money, isn t it? What sorts of things could I ask people to buy? You know, cheaper.W: Well. You need some pans, won t you? A set of pans, I suppose, and drying pans. Do you like cooking?M: Yes. I suppose so.W: Well. (10) In that case, you might like a mixer. If you make cakes and things like that, it ll save you a lot of time. And a blender too. That s good if you make soup and things.M: Hm. That s a thought.W: Something else you might use is a set of these knifes, you know, carving knifes, bread knifes, steak knifes, fruit knifes, potato peeling knifes.M: (11) Heavens! I never knew so many sorts.W: Oh, Yeah. Come over here and I ll show you some more.Q9 Why is the man is in the kitchen ware shop?Q10 Why does the woman want to know whether the man likes cooking?Q11 What does the man say he has never realized?Long Conversation 2M: Good morning, Mrs. Thomson.W: Oh, Mr. Minesuka. Please come in and sit down. I want to talk to you about something that has come up.M: What s up? Anyway, I ll be glad to help you with anything I can.W: Some advice, Mr. Minesuka. (12) I ve been offered a new job.M: A new job?W: As a matter of fact, it isn t the bank in New York.M: It s the offer from another bank?W: It s from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in Washington.M: (13) You mean the World Bank?W: (13) That s right. And it s really very unexpected, I might say.M: You ve established reputation in international banking circles. May I ask what kind of position they ve offered you?W: A rather important one, as a matter of fact, deputy director of the International Finance Corporation.M: (14) Isn t that the part of the Bank that makes loans to private companies in the developing countries?W: (14) Yes, it is. It s a job that certainly offers a chance for public service.M: It seems to me that it s a real honor for you.W: Yes, it is. But I ve been with this bank for so many years, ever since I graduated from college, in fact.M: (15) But it s an honor for the bank too, for the training and experience it s given you.W: Yes, I suppose I can think of it that way.M: Then you ve decided to accept the offer?W: Probably, yes, almost certainly. I d like to think I can do some work that will contribute to international corporation and understanding.Q12 What does the woman want to discuss with the man?Q13 Who offered the woman the new job?Q14 What will be the woman s main responsibility as a deputy director?Q15 What does the man think of the job offer?Passage 1Good transportation is very important in winter. (16) If you have a car, make sure it is ready for the cold weather. Keep the gas tank as nearly full as you can. This will keep water out of the tank and will be a reserve in case you get into trouble. (17) If a storm traps you in your car, there are some steps you should take for your own safety. Do not tend to walk to find help. You may quickly lose your way in blowing and drifting snow. Your chances of being found are better if you stay in your car. Keep a downwind window open slightly for fresh air. Freezing rain can seal off your car and lock you inside. Run the engine and heater once in a while. Keep the same downwind window open while the engine is running. Make sure that snow has not blocked the exhaust pipe. Clap your hands and move your arms and legs from time to time. Do not stay in one position too long. But, do not move too much. (18) Exercise warms you up, but it also causes you to lose body heat. If more than one person is in the car, do not sleep at the same time. One person should always be awake. If you are alone, stay awake as long as you can. Turn on the inside light at night. This would make your car more visible to rescue crews. Don t panic. Stay with your car.Q16 What does the speaker say you should do in winter with your car?Q17 What should you avoid doing if a storm traps you in the car?Q18 Why is too much exercise undesirable when you are trapped in a car by a winter storm?Passage 2The topic of my talk today is gift-giving. Everybody likes to receive gifts, right? So you may think that gift-giving is a universal custom, but actually the rules of gift-giving vary quite a lot. And not knowing them can result in great embarrassment. In North America the rules are fairly simple. If you are invited to someone s home for dinner, bring wine or flowers, or a small item from your country. (19) Among friends, family and business associates, we generally don t give gifts on other occasions except on someone s birthday and Christmas. The Japanese, on other hand, give gifts quite frequently, often to thank someone for their kindness. The tradition of gift-giving in Japan is very ancient. (20) There are many detailed rules for everything, from the color of the wrapping paper to the time of the gift presentation. And while Europeans don t generally exchange business gifts, they do follow some formal customs when visiting homes, such as bringing flowers. The type and color of flowers, however, can carry special meaning. Today, we have seen some broad differences in gift-giving. I could go on with additional examples, but let s not miss the main point here. (21) If we are not aware of and sensitive to cultural differences, the possibilities for miscommunication and conflict are enormous. Whether we learn about these differences by reading a book or by living abroad, our goal must be to respect differences among people in order to get along successfully with our global neighbors.Q19 What does the speaker say about gift-giving of North Americans?Q20 What do we learn about the Japanese concerning gift-giving?Q21 What point does the speaker make at the end of the talk?Passage 3Claudette Rigo is a reporter for a French newspaper. Her assignment for the last five years has been Washington and American politics. She reports the current political news for her paper.In addition, she writes the column that is published every week. (22) The column explains American politics to her readers in France. They often find it very difficult to understand the United States and Americans. Claudette lives in a small house in a fashionable section of Washington. She entertains a great deal. Her guests are usually government officials, diplomats, lawyers and other newspaper people. When she isn t entertaining, she goes out to dinners and parties. In spite of her busy social life, Claudette works very hard. The parties are really work for her, because reporters frequently get news stories just by talking and listening to people. Claudette also has a small office in the building downtown. She goes there every morning to write up her stories and send them to Paris. (23) Her column is published every Monday, so she usually spends a large part of the weekend working on it at home. (24) Claudette spends a month in France every year, so that she won t forget how to speak French. In spite of all of her experience in Washington, Claudette may be transferred. This is an election year in the United States when the people elect a new president. (25) When the election is over, Claudette thinks that her newspaper in Pairs may change her assignment.Q22 What do we learn about the column Claudette writes?Q23 What does Claudette usually do on weekends?Q24 Why does Claudette spend a month in France every year?Q25 What might happen to Claudette after this year s American presidential election?Compound Dictation26. innocent 27. committed 28. charges29. released 30. rather than 31. appoint32. evidence 33. hold a trial 34. designed 35. foundation26. innocent27. committed28. charges29. released30. rather than31. appoint32. evidence33. hold a trial34. designed35. foundation

解放軍文職招聘考試2012年6月英語六級考試聽力真題-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-06-18 17:27:152012年6月英語六級考試聽力真題Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B) ,C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意:此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答.11. A) The serious accident may leave Anna paralyzed.B) The man happened to see Anna fall on her back.C) The injury will confine Anna to bed for quite a while.D) The doctor s therapy has been very successful.12. A) The man could watch the ballet with her.B) She happened to have bought two tickets.C) She can get a ballet ticket for the man.D) Her schedule conflicts with her sister s.13. A) He will send someone right away.B) He has to do other repairs first.C) The woman can call later that day.D) The woman can try to fix it herself.14. A) Take up collection next week.B) Give his contribution some time later.C) Buy an expensive gift for Gemma.D) Borrow some money from the woman.15. A) Decline the invitation as early as possible.B) Ask Tony to convey thanks to his mother.C) Tell Tony s mother that she eats no meat.D) Add more fruits and vegetables to her diet.16. A) The increasing crime rate.B) The impact of mass media.C) The circulation of newspapers.D) The coverage of newspapers.17. A) Limit the number of participants in the conference.B) Check the number of people who have registered.C) Provide people with advice on career development.D) Move the conference to a more spacious place.18. A) The apartment is still available.B) The apartment is close to the campus.C) The advertisement is outdated.D) On-campus housing is hard to secure.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) To test how responsive dolphins are to various signals.B) To find out if the female dolphin is cleverer than the male one.C) To see if dolphins can learn to communicate with each other.D) To examine how long it takes dolphins to acquire a skill.20. A) Produce the appropriate sound.B) Press the right-hand lever first.C) Raise their heads above the water.D) Swim straight into the same tank.21. A) Only one dolphin was able to see the light.B) The male dolphin received more rewards.C) Both dolphins were put in the same tank.D) The lever was beyond the dolphins reach.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) In a botanical garden.B) In a lecture room.C) In a resort town.D) On a cattle farm.23. A) It is an ideal place for people to retire to.B) It is at the centre of the fashion industry.C) It remains very attractive with its mineral waters.D) It has kept many traditions from Victorian times.24. A) It was named after a land owner in the old days.B) It is located in the eastern part of Harrogate.C) It is protected as parkland by a special law.D) It will be used as a centre for athletic training.25. A) The beautiful flowers.B) The refreshing air.C) The mineral waters.D) The vast grassland.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage oneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the .. just heard.26. A)He specializes for University students.B) He start specialized sinse University.C) He specialized in interpersonal relationship.D)He specializes in interpersonal relationship.27. A) Students who scored low standardized tests.B) Black freshmen with high standardized test scores.C) Students who are accustomed to living in dorms.D) Black students from families with low incomes.28. A) They at the college dorms at the end of the semester.B) They were of the university s housing policy.C) They generally spend more time together that white pairs.D) They broke up more often than same-race roommates.29. A) Their racial attitudes improved.B) Their test scores rose gradually.C) They grew bored of each other.D) They started doing similar activities.Passage twoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the .. just heard.30. A) It will become popular gradually.B) It will change the concept of food.C) It has attracted worldwide attention.D) It can help solve global flood crises.31. A) It has been increased over the years.B) It has been drastically cut by NASA.C) It is still far from being sufficient.D) It comes regularly from its donors.32. A) They are less healthy than we expected.B) They are not as expensive as believe.C) They are more nutritious and delicious.D) They are not as natural as we believed.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the .. just heard.33. A) He has better memories of childhood.B) He was accused of family violence.C) He is a habitual criminal.D) He was wrongly imprisoned.34. A) The jury s prejudice against his race.B) The evidence found at the crime scene.C) The two victims identification.D) The testimony of his two friends.35. A) The US judicial system has much room for improvement.B) Frightened victims can rarely make correct identification.C) Eyewitnesses are often misled by the layer s questions.D) Many factors influence the accuracy of witness testimony.SECTION CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.注意：此部分的試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。About 700,000 children in Mexico dropped out of school last year as recession-stricken families pushed kids to work, and a weak economic recovery will allow only a (36)_________improvement in the drop-out rate in 2010, a top education (37) _________said.Mexico s economy suffered more than any other in Latin America last year, (38) _________an estimated 7 percent due to a (39) _________in U.S. demand for Mexican exports such as cars.The (40) _________led to a 4 percent increase in the number of kids who left (41) _________or middle school in 2009, said Juan de Dios Castro, who (42) _________the nation s adult education program and keeps a close watch on drop-out rates.(43) _________rose and that is a factor that makes our job more difficult. Castro told Reuters in an interview earlier this month.(44)_________________________________________________________________.As a result, drop-out rates will not improve much, Castro said. There will be some improvement, but not significant, Castro said.(45)_________________________________________________________________. And children often sell candy and crafts in the streets or word in restaurants.(46)_________________________________________________________________________. Mexico s politicians have resisted mending the country s tax, energy and labor laws for decades, leaving its economy behind countries such as Brazil and Chile.每天15分鐘英語聽力ID：shrj520小伙伴關(guān)注了之后，聽力變成送分題▲微信掃描以上二維碼ACACD BCADA CBDDC CDCCA DCAAB36. slight37. official38. shrinking39. plunge40. decline41. primary42. heads43. Poverty44. Hampered by higher taxes and weak demand for its exports, Mexico"s economy is seen only partially recovering this year.45. Mexico has historically had high drop-out rates as poor families pull kids out of school to help put food on the table，46. The nation"s drop-out problem is just the latest bad news for the long-term competitiveness of the Mexican economy.

解放軍文職招聘考試2016年6月英語六級聽力真題第二套-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-06-18 17:44:282016年6月英語六級聽力真題第二套Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答。Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) The project the man managed at CucinTech.B) The updating of technology at CucinTech.C)The man s switch to a new career.D) The restructuring of her company.2. A) Talented personnel.B) Strategic innovation.C) Competitive products.D) Effective promotion.3. A) Expand the market.B) Recruit more talents.C) Innovate constantly.D) Watch out for his competitors.4. A) Possible bankruptcy.B) Unforeseen difficulties.C) Conflicts within the company.D) Imitation by one s competitors.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) The job of an interpreter.B) The stress felt by professionals.C) The importance of language proficiency.D) The best way to effective communication.6. A) Promising.B) Admirable.C) Rewarding.D) Meaningful.7. A) They all have a strong interest in language.B) They all have professional qualifications.C) They have all passed language proficiency tests.D) They have all studied cross-cultural differences.8. A) It requires a much larger vocabulary.B) It attaches more importance to accuracy.C) It is more stressful than simultaneous interpreting.D) It puts one s long-term memory under more stress.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答。Passage OneQuestions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) It might affect mothers health.B) It might disturb infants sleep.C) It might increase the risk of infants, death.D) It might increase mothers mental distress.10. A) Mothers who breast-feed their babies have a harder time falling asleep.B) Mothers who sleep with their babies need a little more sleep each night.C) Sleeping patterns of mothers greatly affect their newborn babies health.D) Sleeping with infants in the same room has a negative impact on mothers.11. A) Change their sleep patterns to adapt to their newborn babies .B) Sleep in the same room but not in the same bed as their babies.C) Sleep in the same house but not in the same room as their babies.D) Take precautions to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.Passage TwoQuestions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) A lot of native languages have already died out in the US.B) The US ranks first in the number of endangered languages.C) The efforts to preserve Indian languages have proved fruitless.D) More money is needed to record the native languages in the US.13. A) To set up more language schools.B) To document endangered languages.C) To educate native American children.D) To revitalise America s native languages.14. A) The US govemment s policy of Americanising Indian children.B) The failure of American Indian languages to gain an official status.C) The US government s unwillingness to spend money educating Indians.D) The long-time isolation of American Indians from the outside world.15. A) It is being utilised to teach native languages.B) It tells traditional stories during family time.C) It speeds up the extinction of native languages.D) It is widely used in language immersion schools.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分試題請?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答。Recording OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A) It pays them up to half of their previous wages while they look for work.B) It covers their mortgage payments and medical expenses for 99 weeks.C) It pays their living expenses until they find employment again.D) It provides them with the basic necessities of everyday life.17. A) Creating jobs for the huge army of unemployed workers.B) Providing training and guidance for unemployed workers.C) Convincing local lawmakers to extend unemployment benefits.D) Raising funds to help those having no unemployment insurance.18. A) To offer them loans they need to start their own businesses.B) To allow them to postpone their monthly mortgage payments.C) To create more jobs by encouraging private investments in local companies.D) To encourage big businesses to hire back workers with government subsidies.Recording TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) They measured the depths of sea water.B) They analyzed the water content.C) They explored the ocean floor.D) They investigated the ice.20. A) Eighty percent of the ice disappears in summer time.B) Most of the ice was accumulated over the past centuries.C) The ice ensures the survival of many endangered species.D) The ice decrease is more evident than previously thought.21. A) Arctic ice is a major source of the world s fresh water.B) The melting Arctic ice has drowned many coastal cities.C) The decline of Arctic ice is irreversible.D) Arctic ice is essential to human survival.22. A) It will do a lot of harm to mankind.B) There is no easy way to understand it.C) It will advance nuclear technology.D) There is no easy technological solution to it.Recording ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.23. A) The reason why New Zealand children seem to have better self-control.B) The relation between children s self-control and their future success.C) The health problems of children raised by a single parent.D) The deciding factor in children s academic performance.24. A) Children raised by single parents will have a hard time in their thirties.B) Those with a criminal record mostly come from single parent families.C) Parents must learn to exercise self-control in front of their children.D) Lack of self-control in parents is a disadvantage for their children.25. A) Self-control can be improved through education.B) Self-control can improve one s financial situation.C) Self-control problems may be detected early in children.D) Self-control problems will diminish as one grows up.Section A B C01-04:ABCD05-08:ABBC09-11:CDB12-15:ADAC16-18:ABC19-22:DDCD23-25:BDASection AConversation One1 What seems to have been very successful according to the woman speaker?2 What did the company lack before the man s scheme was implemented?3 What does the man say he should do in his business?4 What does the man say is the risk of innovation?Conversation Two5 What are the speakers mainly talking about?6 What does the man think of Dana s profession?7 What does Dana say about the interpreters she knows?8 What do most interpreters think of consecutive interpreting?Section BPassage One9 What is the long-held view about mothers sleeping with newborn babies?10 What do Israeli researchers findings show?11 What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend mothers do?Passage Two12 What do we learn from the report?13 For what purpose does Fred Nahwooksy appeal for more funding?14 What is the historical cause of the decline in the American Indian Languages?15 What does the speaker say about television?Section CRecording One16 How does unemployment insurance help the unemployed?17 What is local director Elizabeth Walsh of the Bucks County CareerLink doing?18 What does Pennsylvania State Representative Scott Petri say is the best way to help the long-term unemployed?Recording Two19 What did Pen Huddle and his team do in the Arctic Ocean?20 What does the report say about the Arctic region?21 What does Cambridge scientist Peter Wadhams say in his study?22 How does Peter Wadhams view climate change?Recording Three23 What is the new study about?24 What does the study seem to show?25 What does Moffitt say is the good news from their study?