解放軍文職招聘考試《英語國家概況》考試真題及參考答案（2009-2005） 全國2009年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試 英語國家概況試題-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊文職考試-紅師教育
解放軍文職招聘考試《英語國家概況》考試真題及參考答案（2009-2005）全國2009年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語國家概況試題發(fā)布時間：2017-05-2110:41:43《英語國家概況》考試真題及參考答案（2009-2005）全國2009年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語國家概況試題課程代碼：00522I.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,1pointforeach)1.Strictlyspeaking,theBritishIslesrefersto_______.A.GreatBritainB.IrelandC.theUnitedKingdomD.GreatBritainandIreland2.WhichofthefollowingkingswasresponsibleforthecompleteestablishmentofthefeudalsysteminEngland?A.EdwardIB.HenryIIC.AlfredtheGreatD.WilliamtheConqueror3.ThespiritoftheGreatCharterwas______.A.alimitationofthepowersofthekingB.aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheserfsC.alimitationofthepowersoftheChurchD.adeclarationofequalityamongallpeople4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheresultoftheBlackDeath?A.Muchlandwasleftuntended.B.Therewasaterribleshortageoflabour.C.Thesurvivingpeasantshadlosttheirpowerofbargaining.D.Landownerstendedtochangefromarabletosheep-farming.5.TheWarofRosesthattookplacefrom1455to1485wasfoughtbetween______.A.BritainandFranceB.theParliamentandtheCrownC.theworkingpeopleandthearistocratsD.twobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily6.TheEnglishRenaissancewaslargelyliterary,anditachieveditsfinestexpressionintheso-called______.A.RomanticpoetryB.RomanticfictionC.ElizabethanpoetryD.Elizabethandrama7.Britishconstitutionalmonarchyisasystemunderwhichthepowersofthe______arelimitedbyParliamentortheconstitution.A.churchB.kingorqueenC.governmentministersD.Bishopscourt8.TheToriesinBritainweretheforerunnersof______,whichstillbearsthisnicknametoday.A.theLaborPartyB.theLiberalPartyC.theConservativePartyD.theSocialDemocraticParty9.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTincludedinthesix-pointdemandoftheChartistMovement?A.EqualelectoraldistrictsB.VotingbysecretballotC.ThevoteforalladultmalesD.Thevoteforalladultfemales10.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,Britainwasalliedwith______.A.TurkeyB.theCentralPowersC.FranceandRussiaD.GermanyandAustria-Hungary11.WhowasthemanthatledBritaininthecrisisoftheSecondWorldWar?A.GeorgeVIB.TheodoreRooseveltC.NevilleChamberlainD.SirWinstonChurchill12.ThenewpoliciesadoptedbyMrs.ThatcherandConservativeGovernmentafterthe1979electionwasknownas______.A.ThatcherismB.theNewDealC.NewFrontierD.Keynesianism13.Overthepastonethousandyears,theBritish______hasbeenbrokenonlyoncebetween1649and1660.A.CabinetB.ParliamentC.MonarchyD.PrivyCouncil14.WhohasthepowertoappointthePrimeMinisterinBritain?A.TheQueenB.TheParliamentC.TheHouseofLordsD.TheChurchofEngland15.InBritain,afullmeetingof______iscalledonlywhenaSovereigndiesorannounceshisorherintentiontomarry.A.thePrivyCouncilB.theParliamentC.theHouseofCommonsD.theHouseofLords16.WhichofthefollowingisNOTinvolvedintheBritishjudicialresponsibilities?A.AttorneyGeneralB.MinistryofJusticeC.TheLordChancellorD.TheHomeSecretary17.BankholidaysinBritainreferto______.A.officialpublicholidaysB.holidaysforthebanksonlyC.publicholidaysexceptforthebanksD.holidaysforthefinancialinstitutionsonly18.WhichstatementabouttheBritishuniversitiesisNOTtrue?A.Theyenjoyacademicfreedom.B.Theycannotappointtheirownstaff.C.Theyaregovernedbyroyalcharters.D.Theyprovidetheirowncoursesandawardtheirowndegrees.19.______,themostpopularsportinEnglandaswellasinEurope,hasitstraditionalhomeinEnglandwhereitwasdevelopedinthe19thcentury.A.BasketballB.TennisC.FootballD.Baseball20.LondonsMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontrolof_______.A.thePrimeMinisterB.theLordChancellorC.theHomeSecretaryD.theAttorneyGeneral21.WhichstatementaboutthePuritansisNOTtrue?A.ThePuritansdidnotallowreligiousdissent.B.ThePuritanswerepoorartisansandunskilledpeasants.C.TheyweredissatisfiedwiththepoliticalcorruptioninEngland.D.TheywenttotheUnitedStatestoestablishwhattheyconsideredthetruechurch.22.ThelargestracialandethnicminorityintheU.S.isthe______,whichaccountsover12.1%ofthepopulation.A.blacksB.AsiansC.IndiansD.Hispanics23.Thethreewell-knownauthorswhopennedtheFederalistPapersare______.A.ThomasJefferson,JamesMadisonandJohnJayB.GeorgeWashington,JamesMadisonandJohnJayC.AlexanderHamilton,JamesMadisonandJohnJayD.AlexanderHamilton,JamesMadisonandJohnAdams24.WhenAbrahamLincolnwaselectedpresident,thesouthernstatesbrokeawayandformedanewnationcalled______.A.theSouthernStatesofAmericaB.theFederalistStatesofAmericaC.theConfederateStatesofAmericaD.theAnti-confederateStatesofAmerica25.Withthedevelopmentofindustryandextensionofrailroadnetworkintheearly20thcenturyintheU.S.A.,thereappeared______.A.arapidgrowthofcitiesB.aninfluxofforeigngoodsC.anincreaseofurbanghettosD.agreatincreaseinthenumberoffarms26.Intheearly19thcentury,______activelyusedtheShermanAntitrustActtostopmonopolisticbusinessmergersintheUnitedStates.A.J.P.MorganB.WoodrowWilsonC.HenryRockefellerD.TheodoreRoosevelt27.TheRedScarein1919and1920wasatypicalexampleofAmerican______.A.religiousintoleranceB.intolerantnationalismC.ProgressiveMovementD.deregulationofbigtrusts28.Intheearly1930s,theAmericanforeignpolicywasisolationist,butthe______suddenlychangedthewholesituation,whichpropelledtheU.S.intotheSecondWorldWar.A.PearlHarborattackB.bombingofGuamislandC.seizingofAmericanmerchantshipsD.sinkingofAmericanpassengerships29.In1962,President______finallydecidedontheuseofnavalforcetopreventmilitarymaterialandarmsfromenteringCubaanddemandedSovietremovalofthemissilesthere.A.NixonB.TrumanC.JohnsonD.Kennedy30.In1853,inthe______,another30,000squaremilesofMexicanlandwereaddedtotheterritoryoftheU.S.A.A.AtlanticPurchaseB.MexicanPurchaseC.GadsdenPurchaseD.LouisianaPurchase31.ThefourproblemsthatfacetheeconomyoftheUnitedStatesare______.A.unemployment,inflation,financialcrisisandtradedeficitB.unemployment,inflation,financialdeficitandtradedeficitC.mortgagelosses,inflation,financialdeficitandtradedeficitD.unemployment,marketfailures,financialdeficitandtradedeficit32.WhichstatementabouttheU.S.ConstitutionisNOTtrue?A.Itisthesupremelawoftheland.B.Itistheoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworld.C.Itwasadoptedin1781attheSecondContinentalCongress.D.Itprovidesthebasisforpoliticalstability,economicgrowthandsocialprogress.33.TheAmericanPresidentusuallytakesanoathofoffice,administeredbythe______oftheUnitedStatesinJanuary.A.ChiefJusticeB.HouseSpeakerC.SecretaryofStateD.SenateMajorityLeader34.TheU.S.Constitutionprovidesthatthe______shallbePresidentoftheSenate.A.VicePresidentB.SecretaryofStateC.SenateMajorityLeaderD.SenateMinorityLeader35.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTgovernment-runattheU.S.federallevel?A.MotorvehicleB.TheroadsystemC.NationaldefenseD.Thepostalservice36.ItisgenerallyagreedthatU.S.highereducationbeganwiththe______.A.CivilWarB.IndependenceWarC.foundingofHarvardCollegeD.foundingofPrincetonUniversity37.FormaleducationintheUnitedStatesconsistsof______.A.kindergarten,juniorandsenioreducationB.junior,elementaryandsecondaryeducationC.elementary,secondaryandhighereducationD.kindergarten,secondaryandhighereducation38.InhisOldManandtheSea,ErnestHemingway______.A.expressestheideaoffacingdefeatcourageouslyB.showsthebasicgoodnessandwisdomofordinarypeopleC.praisestheideasofequalityanddemocracyandthejoyofcommonpeopleD.describesthesharpcontrastofwealthandpovertyinChicagoandNewYork39.Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,______wasthecenterofAmericanwriting.A.BostonB.DetroitC.NewYorkCityD.Philadelphia40.ThemostimportantpatrioticholidayintheU.S.is______.A.HalloweenB.VeteransDayC.ThanksgivingDayD.IndependenceDay41.ThecapitalcityofIrelandis______.A.CorkB.DublinC.GalwayD.Waterford42.Historically,Irelandhasbeenfreeofethnicconflictsbecauseofits______.A.racialunityB.racialhomogeneityC.multi-culturalismD.highrateofemigration43.IrelandhasthefollowingdemographicfeaturesEXCEPT______.A.alatemarriageageB.anexcessoffemalesinthepopulationC.ahighproportionofbachelorsandspinstersofallagesD.alowbirthratecompoundedbyacenturyofemigration44.WhichofthefollowingisatypicalbilingualcityinCanada?A.OttawaB.CalgaryC.TorontoD.Vancouver45.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutimmigrationinCanadaisNOTtrue?A.Itisestimatedthatone-thirdofCanadianswereborninothercountries.B.Immigrationhasalwaysbeenanimportantsourceofitspopulationgrowth.C.Immigrationhasplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofitseconomy.D.inthepastBritainandWesternEuropeweretheprincipalsourcesofCanadianimmigration.46.Intermsoflandarea,Canadaisthe______largestcountryintheworld.A.secondB.thirdC.fourthD.fifth47.TheheadofstateofAustraliais______.A.theGovernorB.thePresidentC.thePrimeMinisterD.theQueenofEngland48.______istheonlycityonthewesterncoastofAustraliawithapopulationofoveronemillion.A.PerthB.SydneyC.BrisbaneD.Melbourne49.A______,wheretwopartsoftheearthscrustmeet,runsthelengthofNewZealand.A.faultlineB.builtareaC.dormantvolcanoD.geothermalarea50.TheTreatyofWaitangiin1840wasanagreementbetween______.A.theMaoriwhalersandtheBritishCrownB.theMaoripeopleandtheBritishmissionariesC.theMaoritradersandtheBritishmissionariesD.thechiefsoftheMaoripeopleandtheBritishCrownII.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhatarethemainfunctionsoftheBritishParliament?52.WhatwerethetwocountriesElizabethIsuccessfullyplayedoffagainsteachotherfornearly30years?53.WhatwastheoutcomeoftheEnglishCivilWar?54.WhatarethethreemainChristianfestivalsintheU.K.?55.WhatwerethethreecornerstonesofAmericanpostwareconomicboom?56.WhatwasthemostimportantdocumentproducedbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStateswhenPresidentNixonvisitedChinain1972?57.WhatisthemostcentralfunctionoftheU.S.Congress?58.WhatarethetwomajorpartiesthatdominateAmericanpoliticsatthefederal,stateandlocallevels?59.WhatarethetwoofficiallanguagesusedinIreland?60.WhoarethenativepeoplelivinginAustralia?III.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.OpenUniversity62.TheSpeaker(oftheHouseofCommonsinBritain)63.Muckrakers64.Thestockmarketcrashof19292009年試題參考答案I.1.C2.D3.A4.C5.D6.D7.B8.C9.D10.C11.D12.A13.C14.A15.A16.B17.A18.B19.C20.C21.B22.A23.C24.C25.A26.D27.B28.A29.D30.C31.B32.C33.A34.A35.A36.C37.C38.A39.C40.D41.B42.B43.B44.A45.A46.A47.D48.A49.A50.DII.51.Theyarelaw-making,authorizingtaxationandpublicexpenditures,andexaminingtheactionsofthegovernment.52.FranceandSpain.53.KingCharlesIwasdefeatedandexecuted.ThenaCommonwealthwasdeclaredbyOliverCromwellandhebecametheLordProtector.54.TheyareChristmas,Easter,andWhitSunday.55.Theyaretheautomobile,housing,anddefenseindustries.56.ItwastheShanghaiCommuniqu.57.Itisthepassofthelaw.58.TheyaretheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanParty.59.TheyareIrish(ortheGaelic)andEnglish.60.TheyaretheAboriginals.III.61.OpenUniversity:TheOpenUniversityisanon-residentialuniversity.Itissonamedbecauseitisopentoalltobecomestudents.TheUniversitywasfoundedin1969andbeganitsfirstcoursesin1970.TheUniversityoffersdegreeandothercoursesforadultstudentsofallagesinBritainandtheothermembercountriesoftheEuropeanUnion.Itusesacombinationofspeciallyproducedprintedtexts,correspondencetuition,televisionandradiobroadcastsandaudio/videocassettes.62.TheSpeaker(oftheHouseofCommonsinBritain):TheSpeakerisamemberwhoisacceptabletoallshadesofopinionintheHouse.IncarryingouthisorherdutiestheSpeakerisrequiredtobeimpartial;heorshecannotdebateor,asageneralrule,voteonameasure,anditishisorherdutytoseethatallpointsofviewshaveafairhearing.63.Muckrakers:Muckrakersrefertoagroupofreform-mindedjournalistsattheturnofthe20thcentury,whomadeinvestigationsandexposedvariousdarksidesoftheseeminglyprosperoussociety.64.Thestockmarketcrashof1929:OnOctober24,1929,theNewYorkstockmarketcrashed.ItwascalledBlackThursdaybecauseitwasthebeginningofalongeconomicdepression.TheGreatDepressionhadfar-reachingconsequences.Itsweptthroughtheglobequickly.Therateofunemploymentincreasedrapidly.Agreatdealofcompaniesandbusinessesclosedandwentintobankruptcy.Americaneconomydidn"trecoveruntiltheNewDealwasputforward.全國2008年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語國家概況試題課程代碼：00522Ⅰ.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,1pointforeach)1．Aboutahundredyearsago,asaresultofitsimperialistexpansion,Britainruledanempirethathadonefourthoftheworldspeopleand______oftheworldslandarea.A．halfB．onethirdC．onefourthD．onefifth2．WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheCeltsisNOTtrue?A．Theywereironworkers.B．Theywerepracticedfarmers.C．TheyspokeAnglo-SaxonEnglish.D．Theydrainedmuchofthemarshlandsandbuilthouses.3．Thespiritofthe______wasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking.A．BookofConcordB．MagnaCartaC．DomesdayBookD．commonlaw4．______wasaboveallresponsibleforthereligiousreforminEngland.A．AlfredtheGreatB．EdwardⅠC．HenryⅧD．WilliamtheConqueror5．ThenameWarsoftheRoseswas,infact,coinedbythegreat19thcenturynovelist______.A．SirThomasBrowneB．SirMaxBeerbohmC．SirWalterScottD．SirNormanAngell6．ElizabethsrelationshipwithParliamentwasoften______.A．peacefulB．turbulentC．cooperativeD．harmonious7．______wasgenerallyconsideredthetransitionalperiodbetweentheMiddleAgesandmoderntimes,coveringtheyearsc.1350-c.1650.A．TheReformationB．TheRenaissanceC．TheRestorationD．TheGloriousRevolution8．Looselyspeaking,______werethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformists.A．theWhigsB．theToriesC．themembersoftheLaborPartyD．themembersoftheConservativeParty9．AsaresultoftheagricultureenclosureinEnglandinthelate18thcentury,______.A．dietbecamelessvariedB．theEnglishtenantsgotbenefitsC．farmsbecamesmallerandsmallerD．peasantfarmershadtolookforworkintowns10．Oneofthemostfar-reachingconsequencesoftheSecondWorldWaristhat______.A．itimprovedBritisheconomyB．itstrengthenedtheBritishEmpireC．ithastenedtheendoftheBritishEmpireD．ithastenedtheendoftheBritishCommonwealth11．ThePrimeMinisterofBritainwas______.A．a(chǎn)ppointedbytheQueenB．electedbytheParliamentC．voteddirectlybythepeopleofthecountryD．selectedfromthemembersoftheParliament12．ApartfromBritain,theQueenisalsotheheadofstateofthefollowingcountriesEXCEPT______.A．AustraliaB．CanadaC．NewZealandD．SouthAfrica13．IntheU.K.,thepublicareadmittedto______intheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.A．theStrangersGalleriesB．theTateGalleryC．theNationalGalleryD．theStateGalleries14．InBritain,thepositionof______istraditionallyheldbythePrimeMinister.A．MinisterofDefenseB．FirstLordoftheTreasuryC．LordChancellorD．MinisterofEducation15．______isNOTthefunctionoftheBritishParliament.A．ExaminingandmakinglawsB．ExaminingtheactionsofthegovernmentC．AuthorizingtaxationandpublicexpenditureD．MaintainingthesupremeauthorityoftheSovereign16．No.10DowningStreetinLondonis______.A．theofficialresidenceoftheQueenB．theofficebuildingofLordChancellorC．themeetingplaceoftheBritishParliamentD．theofficialresidenceofBritishPrimeMinister17．TherearetwoestablishedChurchesinBritain,thatis,______.A．theChurchofWalesandtheChurchofIrelandB．theChurchofEnglandandtheChurchofWalesC．theChurchofScotlandandtheChurchofIrelandD．theChurchofEnglandandtheChurchofScotland18．______isapublicholidayinBritain.A．TheNationalDayB．GuyFawkesDayC．BoxingDayD．AprilFoolsDay19．______newspapersaredirectedatreaderswhowantfullinformationonawiderangeofpublicmatters.A．QualityB．PopularC．Mid-marketD．Tabloid20．ThePrivyCouncilincludes______.A．a(chǎn)llCabinetministersB．a(chǎn)lltheArchbishopsinBritainC．a(chǎn)llmembersoftheHouseofLordsD．a(chǎn)llmembersoftheHouseofCommons21．______ofNewYorkusedtobeanimportantimmigrationreceptionspot.A．EllisIslandB．ManhattanC．BrooklynD．LongIsland22．______totheConstitution,asthefoundationoftheAmericanconstitutionalsystem,werecalledtheBillofRights.A．ThefirstthreeamendmentsB．ThefirstfiveamendmentsC．ThefirsttenamendmentsD．Thefirsttwelveamendments23．Aftermuchdebate,theCompromiseof1850waspassed,whichallowed______tobeacceptedasafreestate.A．UtahB．CaliforniaC．LouisianaD．NewMexico24．TheArticlesofConfederationin1781wasunusualbecauseitprovidedfor______.A．nokingB．a(chǎn)strongcentralgovernmentC．civilrightsD．taxationpowers25．TheFederalistPapersareregardedasthebestexplanationofthe______.A．19thAmendmentB．ArticlesofConfederationC．BillofRightsD．U.S.Constitution26．AftertheCivilWar,______becameastrongtrendinAmericaneconomy.A．disappearanceofprivatebusinessB．increaseincapitalinvestmentC．monopolybybigbusinessD．nationalizationofenterprises27．ThePeaceConferencein1919wasdominatedbytheBigFour,thatis,______.A．theUnitedStates,Britain,SpainandItalyB．theUnitedStates,Japan,FranceandItalyC．theUnitedStates,Britain,FranceandItalyD．theUnitedStates,Britain,FranceandRussia28．TheGreatDepressionin1929wascausedbyallthefollowingBUT______.A．stockmarketspeculationB．over-expansionofcreditC．toomuchinvestmentincompaniesD．lackofstabilityinthebankingsystem29．Inhisinauguralspeech,______saidthattheonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself.A．LyndonJohnsonB．TheodoreRooseveltC．JohnF.KennedyD．FranklinRoosevelt30．TheSecondWorldWarcametoanendin______.A．1945B．1946C．1947D．194931．In1947theTrumanAdministrationdecidedtoprovideaidfor______topreventthesetwocountriesfromfallingintothehandsoftheSovietUnion.A．PolandandRomaniaB．GermanyandItalyC．theU.K.andFranceD．GreeceandTurkey32．Since1945theUnitedStateshadenteredatwenty-five-yearperiodofeconomicboom,butits______industrydidnotexperiencegreatdevelopment.A．a(chǎn)utomobileB．a(chǎn)erospaceC．housingD．defense33．The______turnedouttobeAmericaslongestwarithadeverfought.A．FirstWorldWarB．SecondWorldWarC．KoreanWarD．VietnamWar34．TheU.S.ConstitutionallowsthePresidenttogive______andpardonsinfederalcriminalcases.A．a(chǎn)bsolutionsB．reprievesC．testimoniesD．a(chǎn)mnesties35．IntheU.S.eachlocalschooldistricthasagoverningboardwhichisusually______.A．electedbythevotersB．chosenfromtheteachingstaffC．selectedfromthelocalcommunityD．a(chǎn)ppointedbythecountymagistrate36．InAmerica,theConstitutionprovidesthat______shallbePresidentoftheSenate.A．theSpeakeroftheHouseB．theSecretaryofStateC．theChiefJusticeD．theVicePresident37．HighereducationintheUnitedStatesbeganwiththefoundingof______in1636.A．MITB．YaleUniversityC．HarvardCollegeD．PrincetonUniversity38．TheodoreDreiserwastheliteraryrepresentativeofAmerican______.A．RomanticistsB．TranscendentalistsC．ModernistsD．Naturalists39．InhisOldManandtheSea,Hemingwaypraisestheoldfishermans______.A．couragetoacceptmiseryinlifeB．a(chǎn)ttitudetowardsdefeatandfailureC．couragetofightmonstersintheseaD．a(chǎn)ttitudetowardstherisksofhighseas40．OneofthegoalssetbyPresidentBushinhisplanAmerica2000is______.A．increasingtheadultliteracyrateB．eliminatingdrugsandviolenceatschoolC．betteringallthestudentsforeignlanguagesD．improvingthehigh-schoolgraduationrateto80%41．QuebecdiffersfromotherCanadianprovincesbecause______.A．itisveryrichinoilB．itisidealforwheatgrowingC．ithasastrongFrenchcultureD．itstouristtradeisveryimportanttotheeconomy42．In1885,Canadawaslinkedfromcoasttocoastbecause______.A．a(chǎn)canalwasconstructedB．manyexpresswayswerebuiltC．a(chǎn)nationalhighwaywasfinishedD．theCanadianPacificRailwaywascompleted43．______,thesecondlargestcityofCanada,islocatedinQuebec.A．MontrealB．VancouverC．TorontoD．Ottawa44．Adelaideisinternationallywell-known______.A．foritsartsfestivalB．foritsleadingroleinlumberingC．foritsmostprosperousagricultureD．foritsproductionofhalfoftheworldsopals45．Sydney,thelargestcityinAustralia,isthecapitalof______.A．VictoriaB．QueenslandC．SouthAustraliaD．NewSouthWales46．MostofthelandinAustraliasruralareasisused______.A．forgrazingsheepandcattleB．fordamsandfarmbuildingsC．forgrowingvegetablesandsugarcanesD．forgrowingcropslikewheatandothergrains47．AccordingtotheWaitangiTreaty,iftheMaoriswanttosellland,only______willhavetherighttobuy.A．theMaoristhemselvesB．theCrownC．theBritishcitizensD．thelocalgovernment48．ThenaturaldisastersinNewZealandmayinclude______.A．earthquakes,volcanoesandfloodingB．volcanoes,floodingandheavysnowsC．earthquakes,flooding,andheavysnowsD．volcanoes,heavysnowsandearthquakes49．Duringthe19thcentury,______wasamostimportantreasonforacentury-longpopulationdeclineinIreland.A．warB．floodC．famineD．earthquake50．Today93%oftheIrishpopulationare______.A．PuritansB．RomanCatholicsC．AnglicansD．ChristiansII.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhendidtherecordedhistoryofBritainbegin?52.WhatwasthemilitarysignificanceofthedestructionoftheSpanishArmadaforBritain?53.HowmanyMembersofParliamentdoestheHouseofCommonsintheU.K.consistof?54.Pleasewriteanythreeofthe13coloniestheBritishestablishedalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmericabetween1607and1733.55.WhatarethethreebranchesintheU.S.federalgovernment?56.WhatdoesIBMstandfor?57.OnwhichsidedidCanadafightduringWWⅡ?58.WhatkindsofvegetationaresuitableforthehotdryclimateinAustralia?59.WhatispartlythereasonforNewZealandtohavechangeableweatherandtobeoftenwindy?60.WhatwastheresultofgrowingIrishnationalismintheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury?III.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.bankholidays62.constitutionalmonarchy63.Notaxationwithoutrepresentation64.theU.S.Federalsystem2008年試題參考答案Ⅰ.1．C2．C3．B4．C5．C6．B7．B8．A9．D10．C11．A12．D13．A14．B15．D16．D17．D18．C19．A20．A21．A22．C23．B24．A25．D26．C27．C28．C29．D30．A31．D32．B33．D34．B35．A36．D37．C38．D39．B40．B41．C42．D43．A44．A45．D46．A47．B48．A49．C50．BII.51.BritishrecordedhistorybeganwiththeRomaninvasionaround55BC.52.ItshowedEngland"ssuperiorityasanavalpower.53.Itconsistsof651MembersofParliament.54.Virginia,Maine,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,Connecticut,NewYork,RhodeIsland,Maryland,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,NewJersey,PennsylvaniaandGeorgia.(Anythreenamesoftheaboveareacceptable.)55.Theyarethelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicialbranches.56.ItstandsforInternationalBusinessMachines.57.CanadafoughtasanallyofBritain(1939-1945).58.SmallplantssuchasgrassesandshrubsratherthanforestsaresuitableforthehotdryclimateinAustralia.59.BecauseNewZealandisanislandinsouthernlatitudes,ithaschangeableweatheranditisoftenwindy.60.Irishnationalismbecamestrongerandevenmoreviolentintheearlydecadesofthe20thcenturyandclimaxedintheEasternUprisingof1916inwhichanIrishRepublicwasproclaimed.III.61.Bankholidaysarealsocalledofficialpublicholidays.ThetermBankHolidaygoesbacktotheBankHolidaysActof1871,whichowesitsnametothefactthatbanksareclosedonthedaysspecified.62.Aconstitutionalmonarchyisacountryinwhichtheheadofthestateisakingoraqueen.Inpractice,theSovereignreignsbutdoesnotrule.63.ThepeopleintheBritishcoloniesopposedtheunfairtreatmentbytheBritishgovernment.Theydeclared,Notaxationwithoutrepresentation,thatis,withouttheirrepresentativestakingpartindecision-making,theyhadnoobligationtopaytaxestoBritain.64.TheU.S.Constitutionsetsupafederalsystemofgovernmentwhichhastwolayersofrule.Thereiscentralorfederalgovernmentforthenationwhichalonehasthepowertoanswerquestionsthataffectthenationasawhole.Therearealsostateandlocalgovernments.EachlayerofgovernmenthasseparateanddistinctpowerslaiddownintheConstitution.全國2007年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語國家概況試題課程代碼：00522I．Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,1pointforeach)1．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofElizabethI?A．Herreligiousreformwasacompromiseofviews.B．HerreligiousreformwaswelcomedbyboththePuritansandardentCatholics.C．ShedesiredthatthereshouldbeoutwardconformitytotheEstablishedreligion.D．ShebrokeMarystieswithRomeandrestoredherfathersindependentChurchofEngland.2．TheRestorationinEnglishhistorytookplacein_______.A．1042B．1066C．1606D．16603．Historically,_______wereferociouspeople,buttheylaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.A．theCeltsB．theVikingsC．theAnglo-SaxonsD．theNormans4．William,DukeofNormandy,isnowknownas_________.A．WilliamRufusB．WilliamtheConfessorC．WilliamtheGreatD．WilliamtheConqueror5．InBritain,theToriesweretheforerunnersof_______whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.A．theSocialandDemocraticLiberalPartyB．theLiberalPartyC．theLaborPartyD．theConservativeParty6．ThepersonwhowasresponsibleforthereligiousReformationofEnglandinthe16thcenturywas_________.A．EdwardVIIIB．HenryVIIIC．ElizabethID．EdwardVI7．QueenMaryTudorhasbeenknownasBloodyMarybecauseunderherreign________.A．a(chǎn)seriesofbloodywarswerefoughtB．manyProtestantswerepersecutedandburntashereticsC．manyrebelpeasantswereputtodeathD．manyprotestersagainstherrulewerekilled8．The_______developedlaterintotheLordsandtheCommonsknownasParliament.A．WitanB．PrivyCouncilC．PublicRecordsOfficeD．GreatCouncil9．InBritain,________isthesymbolofthewholenation.A．theQueenB．thePrimeMinisterC．thePrinceD．theParliament10．EasteristhechiefChristianfestival,whichcelebrates________.A．thebirthofJesusChristB．theResurrectionofJesusChristC．thecomingofspringD．therevivalofChristianity11．TheEnglishking,whogaveuphiscrownforthesakeofamarriagewithWallisSimpson,was_______.A.HenryⅧB．EdwardⅧC．GeorgeⅥD．JamesⅥ12．ThosewhotriedtodestroythehatedmachinesduringtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionwerecalled______.A．DestroyersB．BreakersC．UnionistsD．Luddites13．ThegreatKingofWessexwhofoughtagainsttheinvasionoftheDanesinthe9thcenturywasknownas_______.A．HengistB．AlfredtheGreatC．thePilgrimD．KingofPicts14．TheSevenYearsWar(17561763)wasfoughtbetweenBritainand_______forthecolonizationinNorthAmerica.A．SpainB．RussiaC．HollandD．France15．InBritain,thenationalnewspaperscanbedividedintotwogroups:_______.A．dailypapersandweeklypapersB．dailypapersandSundaypapersC．weeklypapersandmonthlypapersD．weeklypapersandquarterlypapers16．ThePeoplesCharterwasdrawnupby_______astheirdemands.A．theLondonWorkingMensAssociationB．theBritishSteelCorporationC．theactivistsintheChartistMovementD．theTradeUnion17．Mrs.MargaretThatcher,aConservativePartyleaderinthe1980s,believedinthefollowingEXCEPT_______.A．self-relianceB．privatizationC．thestrengtheningofthetradeunionsD．thekeepingoflawandorder18．ThetwomaintiersoflocalauthoritythroughoutEnglandandWalesare______.A．countiesanddistrictsB．citiesandtownsC．citiesandvillagesD．citiesandshires19．InBritain,officialpublicholidaysarealsocalled______.A．religiousholidaysB．saintsholidaysC．memorialholidaysD．bankholidays20．TheEnglishChannelseparatestheislandofGreatBritainfrom______.A．DenmarkB．BelgiumC．theNetherlandsD．France21．MostofthefirstChineseimmigrantswhocametotheUnitedStatesbetween18501880settleddownin______.A．FloridaB．WashingtonC．CaliforniaD．NewJersey22．InSeptember,1774theFirstContinentalCongresswasheldin______,whichencouragedAmericanstorefusetobuyBritishgoods.A．NewYorkB．BostonC．PhiladelphiaD．Concord23．DuringtheAmericanwestwardmovement,DemocraticpoliticianJohnL.OSullivanproducedthefamoustheoryof______.A．IsolationismB．GoodNeighborPolicyC．SocialDarwinismD．ManifestDestiny24．TheAmericanConstitutionwasfinallyadoptedin1789byanarrowmarginontheunderstandingthat______aftertheConstitutioncameintoforce.A．WashingtonwouldbepresidentoftheU.S.B．theHouseofRepresentativeswouldbeelectedbyeachstateC．a(chǎn)BillofRightswouldbeamendedD．eachstatewouldbeequallyrepresentedintheSenate25．In1972,U.S.President______visitedChina,whichledtotheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationswithChinainJanuary1979.A．RonaldReaganB．RichardNixonC．JimmyCarterD．GeraldFord26．Whichworkpraisedtheideaofequalityanddemocracyandalsocelebratedthedignity,theself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman?A．LeavesofGrassbyWaltWhitman.B．Self-reliancebyRalphWaldoEmerson.C．LifeontheMississippibyMarkTwain.D．SisterCarriebyTheodoreDreiser.27．TheConstitutionrequiresthePresidenttobeanatural-bornAmericancitizenatleast______yearsofage.A．30B．35C．40D．4528．OnApril30thof1789,GeorgeWashingtontooktheoathofofficein______whichhousedthefirstAmericangovernment.A．NewYorkB．WashingtonC．PhiladelphiaD．Boston29．WhichofthefollowingmayNOTbePresidentWilsonsachievementsinhisprogramofNewFreedom?A．Makingloansavailabletofarmersatlowrates.B．Adoptinganincometax.C．Regulatingtrustsbystatingclearlytheunfairbusinesspractices.D．Regulatingrailroadpricesandtheirrebates.30．IntheU.S.the______referstothepeoplebornintheperiod19461964.A．lostgenerationB．megenerationC．blue-collargenerationD．babyboomgeneration31．TheconferencethatdecidedtosetupaworldorganizationtheUnitedNationswasheldin______.A．TeheranB．CairoC．YaltaD．Washington32．ThePresidentoftheUnitedStatescanissuerules,regulationsandinstructions,whicharecalled______.A．legalactsB．standingordersC．verdictsD．executiveorders33．ThepoliticaltheoryofAmericanRevolutioncamefromthewell-knownphilosopher______.A．ThomasJeffersonB．ThomasPaineC．AlexanderHamiltonD．JohnLocke34．WhichstatementisNOTtrueabouttheGreatDepressioninthe1930s?A．Billionsofdollarsofpaperprofitswerewipedoutwithinafewdays.B．Miseryandpersonalsufferingswerewidespread.C．Manylosttheirlandandotherpropertiesbecauseofforeclosures.D．Thestockmarketcrashwasthebeginningoflongeconomicrecovery.35．DuringtheAmericanCivilWar,thevictoryat______provedtobetheturningpointfortheUnionArmy.A．HarrisburgB．GettysburgC．LexingtonD．FortSumter36．WhichstatementisNOTtrueabouttheAmericanIndians?A．Heavydrinkingandsuicideratesarefarabovethenationalaverages.B．TheaveragelifeexpectancyofIndiansisaround50years.C．AlltheAmericanIndiansarenowlivinginthegovernmentreservations.D．OnefourthoftheIndianfamilieslivebelowthepovertylevel.37．TheAmericanStandardOilCompanywasfoundedby______.A．JohnRockefellerB．duPontC．J.P.MorganD．AndrewCarnegie38．AtypicalexampleofAmericanintolerantnationalismfrom19191920was______thatexaggeratedthedangerofCommunism.A．McCarthyismB．theKuKluxKlanC．theRedScareD．Desegregation39．Currentlybetween80%and90%ofimmigrantstotheU.S.arefrom______countries.A．AsianandAfricanB．EuropeanandHispanicC．AsianandHispanicD．ScandinavianandAsian40．______istheonlyorganizationwhichhasthepowertointerprettheU.S.Constitution.A．TheSupremeCourtB．TheDepartmentofStateC．TheHouseofRepresentativesD．TheSenate41．______isBritishColumbiaslargestcityandthethirdlargestcityinCanada.A．VancouverB．TorontoC．QuebecCityD．Montreal42．AlmosthalfthelandareaofCanadaiscoveredby______.A．forestsB．desertsC．swampsD．bogs43．DuringWorldWarII,Canadafoughtasanallyof______withnearlyonemillionpeopleservinginthearmedforces.A．GermanyB．SwissC．ItalyD．Britain44．InAustralia______hasthecountrysrichestfarmlandandbestgrazingland.A．theGreatWesternPlateauB．theEasternHighlandsC．theCentralEasternLowlandsD．theOutback45．InrecentyearsAustraliangovernmentshaveencouragedpeoplewithdifferentethnicbackgroundstokeeptheirowncultures.Thispolicyiscalled______.A．a(chǎn)ssimilationB．integrationC．multiculturalismD．a(chǎn)lienation46．WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutAustraliaisNOTtrue?A．Itliessouthoftheequator.B．Itistheworldssmallestcontinent.C．Itistheflattestandlowestcontinent.D．Itisthecontinentthatcontainsmorethanonecountry.47．ThefirstEuropeantovisitNewZealandwasa/an______,AbelTasman.A．EnglishmanB．DutchmanC．FrenchmanD．German48．______isthecapitalofNewZealand.A．AucklandB．WellingtonC．TorontoD．Montreal49．WhichstatementisNOTtrueaboutIreland?A．Irelandisdividedintotwopoliticalunits.B．NorthernIrelandispartoftheUnitedKingdom.C．TheRepublicofIrelandisanindependentcountry.D．IrelandiscalledtheEmeraldIslebecauseofitsrichdepositofemeralds.50．ThelargestriverinIrelandisthe______,whichprovideselectricpowerformuchoftheRepublic.A．MissouriRiverB．ShannonRiverC．SevernRiverD．ThamesRiverII.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhatistheofficialnameofGreatBritain?52.WhatdoesOxbridgerefertoinGreatBritain?53.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofBritishgovernmenteducationdepartments?54.WhatdoesSATstandfor?55.Whatarethetwomostimportantactspassedinthe1960sthathelpedtoimprovethepoliticalequalityoftheblackpeople?56.Whatisknownasthewinner-take-allsystem?57.WhatdoesACTstandforinAustralianpoliticaldivision?58.WhydoesNewZealandremaingreenalltheyearround?59.Whatarethethreemaingroupsofsettlerslivingnorthof55degreenorthlatitudeinCanada?60.WhatisthemostsignificantfeatureofIrishlandscape,whichcoversallthemountainsandlargeareasoflowlands?III.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.theIndustrialRevolution62.theCommonwealth63.checksandbalances64.ElectoralCollege2007年試題參考答案Ⅰ.1.B2.D3.C4.D5.D6.B7.B8.D9.A10.B11.B12.D13.B14.D15.B16.A17.C18.A19.D20.D21.C22.C23.D24.C25.B26.A27.B28.A29.D30.D31.C32.D33.D34.D35.B36.C37.A38.C39.C40.A41.A42.A43.D44.C45.C46.D47.B48.B49.D50.BII.51.TheofficialnameistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.52.ItreferstotheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridge.53.Theyformulateeducationpoliciesandarealsoresponsibleforthesupplyandtrainingofteachers.54.ItstandsforScholasticAptitudeTest,atesttakenintheU.S.tomeasurestudentsabilitiesbeforetheirentryintocollege.55.TheCivilRightsActof1964andtheVotingRightsActof1965.56.Thepresidentialcandidatewiththehighestnumberofvotesineachstatewinsalltheelectoralvotesofthatstate.57.ItstandsforAustralianCapitalTerritory.58.NewZealandnativetreesareevergreens,sothecountryremainsgreenalltheyearround.59.Therearefurtrappers,fishersandminers.60.BogsremainthemostsignificantfeatureofIrishlandscape.Ⅲ.61.TheIndustrialRevolution:ItreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.BritainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrializeinEurope.62.TheCommonwealth:Itisafreeassociationof50independentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Atpresentthereare50memberswithintheCommonwealth(1991).63.Checksandbalances:TheAmericangovernmentisdividedintothreebranches,thelegislative,theexecutiveandthejudicial.Eachhaspartofthepowersbutnotallthepower.Andeachbranchofgovernmentcancheck,orblock,theactionsoftheotherbranches.Thethreebranchesarethusinbalance.Thisiscalledchecksandbalances.64.ElectoralCollege:Theelectorsofall50statesandtheDistrictofColumbia-atotalof538persons---comprisewhatisknownastheElectoralCollege.Tobesuccessful,acandidateforthePresidencymustreceive270votes.全國2006年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語國家概況試題課程代碼：00522I.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswertothequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(50points,Ipointforeach)I.WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheBritishCommonwealth?A.Membersofnationsarcjoinedtogetherpolitically.B.TheCommonwealthhasspecialpowers.C.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthismadebyBrian.D.ItisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.2.Under,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.A.KingAlfredB.HenryIIC.EdwardID.WilliamtheConqueror3.ThecauseoftheHundredYearsWarwas.A.territorialB.economicC.partlyterritorialandpartlyeconomicD.partlyterritorialandpartlyreligious4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheAnglo-Saxons?A.Theywereregardedasferociouspeople.B.Theyestablishedthemanorialsystem.C.Theydividedthecountryintodifferentshires.D.Theirtribeswereseldomatwarwithoneanother.5.AsaresultoftheBlackDeath,.A.muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasashortageoflabourB.landownerstendedtochangefromsheep-farmingtoarable-farmingC.thegovernmentdidnotshowmuchconcernaboutthelabourshortageD.thegovernmenttookseveralmeasurestoraisethepeasantswages6.TheNormanConquestinEnglishhistoryhappenedin.A.1035B.1042C.1066D.16067.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTaconsequenceoftheWarsoftheRoses?A.Feudalismreceiveditsdeath-blow.B.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.C.Theking"spowerbecamesupreme.D.Ordinarypeopleweregreatlyaffected.8.Intermsofpress,aredirectedatreaderswhowantfullinformationonawiderangeofpublicmatters.A.qualitynewspapersB.tabloidsC.popularnewspapersD.mid-marketnewspapers9.wasthetransitionalperiodbetweentheMiddleAgesandModernTimes.A.TheHundredYearsWarB.RenaissanceC.TheWarsoftheRosesD.TheEnglishCivilWar10.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalled___.A.thePuritanRevolutionB.theChartistMovementC.theWarsoftheRosesD.theHundredYears"War11.InDecember1653,byanInstrumentofGovernment,becameLardProtectoroftheCommonwealthofEngland.A.RichardlB.OliverCromwellC.CharlesIID.JamesII12.Twoofthemostfamousliteraryworksofthelate17thcenturywere.A.HamletandParadiseLostB.Pilgrim"sProgressandParadiseLostC.ParadiseLostandShepherd"sCalendarD.RomeoandJulietandShepherd"sCalendar13.TheestablishmentoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanyin1600wasacaseof.A.economicpenetrationB.territorialaggressionC.culturalexpansionD.militaryinvasion14.Oneofthemostfar-reachingconsequencesofWorldWarIIwasthat.A.theBritishEmpirebecamemuchstrongerB.theBritishEmpirebegantodisintegrateC.theBritishcolonialistssteppeduptheirexpansionD.Britainenteredaperiodofeconomicandfinancialprosperity15.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheBritishmonarchy?A.Itistheoldestinstitutionofgovernment.B.Itgoesbacktoatleastthe9thcentury.C.Ithasmaintainedthecontinuityoverthepastthousandyears.D.Itseemsthatitenjoysnorealpowertoday.16.InBritain,aparliamenthasamaximumdurationofyears.A.3B.4C.5D.617.Britishcolonialexpansionbeganwith.A.theestablishmentoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanyin1600B.thesettlementoftheDutchEastIndiaCompanyatCapeTownin1652C.theoccupationofChineseHongKongin1841D.thecolonizationofNewfoundlandin158318.ManyofBritain"spublicschoolshavegainedareputationfor.A.lowacademicstandardsandsnobberyB.exclusivenessandshorthistoryC.averageacademicstandards,exclusiveness,andshorthistoryD.highacademicstandards,exclusiveness,andsnobbery19.TheUniversitiesofOxfordandCambridgedatefrom.A.the10thandllthcenturyB.the12thcenturyC.the12thand13thcenturyD.the13e"century20.InBritain,formallyappointsimportantgovernmentministers,judges,etc.A.theQueenB.thePrimeMinisterC.theLordPresidentoftheCouncilD.theSpeakeroftheHouseofCommons21.WhichofthefollowingisNOTamongthefivebiggestcitiesintheUnitedStates?A.ChicagoB.NewYorkC.MiamiD.LosAngeles22.,whichbannedslavery,wasaddedtotheAmericanConstitutioninDecember,1865.A.TheBillofRightsB.TheThirteenthAmendmentC.TheCivilRightsActD.TheVotingRightsAct23.havemadeitpossibleforallsectionsoftheAmericanpopulationtohavehighereducation.A.TheresearchuniversitiesB.ThedoctoraluniversitiesC.ThecommunitycollegesD.Theliberalartscolleges24.Coloredeggsandbunnyatetraditionalsymbolsof.A.EasterB.ChristmasC.ValentineD.NewYear"sDay25.isoneofthemostpopularplacesintheUnitedStatestocelebratetheNewYear"sDay.A.TheDisneyLandinFloridaB.TheWhiteHouseLawninWashingtonD.C.C.HollywoodinCaliforniaD.TimesSquareinNewYorkCity26.Thebest-knownspeechmadebycivilfightsleaderMartinLutherKingis.A.Guesswho~B.IhaveadreamC.Unitedwestand,dividedwefall"D.Firstinwar,fastinpeace,firstintheheartsofhiscountrymen27.Inthe1900swiththedevelopmentofindustryandtheextensionofrailroadnetwork,therewasaintheUnitedStates.A.fastgrowthofpopulationB.rapidgrowthofmilitarypowerC.fastgrowthoflaborunionsD.rapidgrowthofcities28.TherealAmericanliteraturebegan.A.beforetheCivilWarB.aftertheCivilWarC.beforetheWarofIndependenceD.aftertheWarofIndependence29.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheVietnamWar?A.Drug-takingwaswidespreadintheAmericanArmedForces.B.AboutsixtythousandyoungAmericansdiedinthewar.C.Americaninsistenceonthecontinuationofthewardrewcriticismfromitsallies.D.ThemoraleoftheAmericansoldierswasrunningveryhigh.30.MITstandsfor.A.theMilitaryInstituteofTexasB.theMacy"sInstigationofThanksgivingC.theMiamiInstitutionofTradeD.theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology31.wasNOTamongthefirst13BritishcoloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.A.NewYorkB.PennsylvaniaC.FloridaD.Maryland32.AttheConstitutionalConventioninSeptember1787,thedelegateswhoarguedforanationalsystemcalledthemselves.A.RepublicansB.DemocratsC.Anti-FederalistsD.Federalists33.ThePurchaseofLouisianaTerritoryin1803fromFrance~,.A.increasedtheAmericanterritorybyonethirdB.i~theAmericanterritorybyahalfC.almostdoubledthesizeoftheUnitedStatesD.almosttripledthesizeoftheUnitedStates34.Whichofthefollowingpairsiscorrect?A.RockefelleraeroplaneB.HenryFord-crudeoilrefiningC.J.P.Morgan-railroadD.TheWrightBrothers-automobile35.TheUnitedStatesdidnotformallytakepartinWorldWarI1untilPearlHarborbecause.A.isolationistsdidnotwanttobedraggedintothewarB.theCongresshadpassedoneneutralitylawC.PresidentRooseveltdidnotwanttooffendtheAxisPowersD.Alloftheabove36.InordertoprotectWesternEuropefrompossibleSovietexpansionafterWWII,theUnitedStatesdecidedtoofferWesternEuropeancountrieseconomicaid,whichlatercametobecalled.A.theFourteenPointsB.theNewFreedomsC.theNewDealD.theMarshallPlan37.Inviewoftheproblemofpovertyinthe1960s,PresidentKennedyhadonceadmittedthatoftheAmericanpopulationwenttobedhungry.A.aboutonequarterB.aboutonethirdC.abouthalfD.abouttwothirds38.WhenevertheAmericaneconomyisintrouble,theeconomyofothercountriesisaffectedbecausetheUnitedStatesis.A.thegreatestdebtorintheworldB.thebiggestproduceroftobaccoC.thelargestimporterintheworldmarketD.theonlysuperpowerintheworld39.MembershipintheHouseofRepresentativesisbasedon.A.thenumberofcitiesineachstateB.thenumberoffamiliesineachstateC.thesizeofpopulationineachstateD.thesizeofcitiesineachstate40.IntheUnitedStates,iftheparentsdon"tsendtheirchildrentoschoolatcertainage,.A.thestategovernmentwillberesponsibleforitB.theywilleducatethechildrenthemselvesC.theycansavealotofmoneyD.theyarebreakingthelaw41.CanadacoversaboutofNorthAmericancontinent.A.onequarterB.two-fifthsC.two-thirdsD.throe-fourths42.BytheStatuteofin1931theBritishDominions,includingCanada,wereformallydeclaredtobepartnernationswithBritain.A.OntarioB.VancouverC.QuebecD.Westminister43.ThefirstBritishsettlersinCanadawereAmericanrefugees,whocalledthemselves,becausetheyrefusedtofightagainsttheBritishArmyintheWarofAmericanIndependence.A.LoyalistsB.WhigsC.LiberalsD.Separatists44.isAustralia"smainwatershedwhereshort,swiftriversflowintothePacificOcean.A.TheGreatWesternPlateauB.TheGreatDividingRangeC.TheCentralEasternLowlandsD.TheNullarborPlain45.Politically,Australiaisdividedintostatesandtwoterritories.A.fourB.fiveC.sixD.seven46.AmongthefiveAustraliancitieswithapopulationofoveramilliononlyliesontheWesterncoast.A.SydneyB.BrisbaneC.MelbourneD.Perth47.InIrelandthebasicethnicstockis.A.CelticB.RomanC.NormanD.English48.Irelandhasfourunusualdemographicfeatures.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Alowbirthrate.B.Alatemarriage.C.Ahighproportionofunmarriedpeople.D.Anexcessoffemalesinthepopulation.49ThefirstEnglishmantovisitNewZealandwasJamesCookwhosailedinhisship______.A.EnduranceB.EndeavorC.ExplorerD.Enquirer50.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutNewZealandclimate?A.TheclimateinNewZealandisgenerallytemperateB.Seasonalvariationsarelessextreme.C.Snowusuallyfallsinthefarsouth.D.Summerisoftenuncomfortablyhot.II.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestion.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet(30points,3pointsforeach)51.WhatdoestheBritishParliamentconsistof?52.WhyisKingAlfredknownasthefatheroftheBritishnavy?53.WhichpartydidMargaretThatcherrepresentinthe1970s?54.Howwasthe1920sintheUnitedStatesdescribedbymanyhistorians?55.WhatdoesthetermindenturedservantsrefertoinAmericanhistory?56.Whatwasthemostimportantactpassedin1964toprohibitdiscriminationbasedoncolor,race,ornationalorigininplacesofpublicaccommodation?57.HowmanyprovincesandterritoriesisCanadamadeupof?58.WhatisAustraliaalsoknownasintheWest?59.WhatdoesIRAstandfor?60.WhyisNewZealandconsideredtobethefirstcountrytogetthenewday?Ш.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)61.Comprehensiveschools62.Whigs(inBritain)63.ThePuritans64.WarPowerAct2006年試題答案I.1．D2．D3．C4．D5．A6．C7．D8．A9．Bl0．A11．B12．Bl3．Al4．Bl5．Cl6．C17．Dl8．Dl9．C20．A21．C22．B23．C24．A25．D26．B27．D28．D29．D30．D31．C32．D33．C34．C35．A36．D37．B38．C39．C40．D41．B42．D43．A44．B45．C46．D47．A48．D49．B50．DII.51．ItconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLords,andtheHouseofCommons．52．BecausehefoundedastrongfleetwhichfirstbeattheDanesatseaandthenprotectedthecoastsandencouragedtrade．53．SherepresentedtheConservativeParty．54．Itwasdescribedasaperiodofmaterialsuccessandspiritualfrustrationandpurposelessness．55．Itreferstothepeoplewhohadtoworkforafixedtermforthemasterstorepaythecross-Atlanticfareanddebts．56．TheCivilRightsActofl964．57．Itismadeupoftenprovincesandtwoterritories．58．ItisalsoknownastheLandDownUnder．59．IRAstandsforIrishRepublicanArmy．60．BecauseitliesjustwestoftheInternationalDateLineandithasonetimezone．Ⅲ．61．Comprehensiveschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawiderangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict．62．ThenameofWhigsoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolution．Itwasknownbythenickname．Itwasaderogatorynameforcattledrivers．Looselyspeaking,theWhigswerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformists．63．ThePuritanswerewealthy,welleducatedgentlemen．TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEngland．DissatisfiedwiththepoliticalcorruptioninEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritanleaderssawtheNewWorldastherefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave．64．ItwasanactthatlimitedthePresidentspowerinsendingtroopsabroadandrequiredthePresidenttoconsultCongressbeforeanysuchdecision．全國2005年4月高等教育自學(xué)考試英語國家概況試題課程代碼：00522Ⅰ.Readthefollowingunfinishedstatementsorquestionscarefully.Foreachunfinishedstatementorquestion,foursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandDaregiven.Choosetheonethatyouthinkbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.Writetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(40points,1pointforeach)1.TraditionalBritishfarminginvolved（）,whichdatedbacktothe5thcentury.A.theopenfieldsystemB.thesystemofcroprotationC.theuseofartificialfertilizerD.theuseofnewagriculturalmachinery2.InBritain,theFirstCivilWarwasfoughtbetweentheRoundheadswhoweretheparliamentarysoldiersledby（）,andtheCavalierswhowereKingCharlesssupporters.A.JohnLilburneB.OliverCromwellC.PrinceRupertD.WilliamJoyce3.（）radicallychangedthefaceofLondonforthefirsttimesincetheGreatFirenearlythreecenturiesearlier.A.TheBlackDeathB.TheCivilWarC.TheFirstWorldWarD.TheBlitz4.TheobjectiveoftheChartistMovementwasdemocraticrightsforallmen,andittookitsnameform（）.A.TheBillofRightsB.TheAgreementofthePeopleC.thePeoplesCharterD.theGreatCharter5.Today,theDomesdayBookiskeptinthePublicRecordsOfficein（）.A.CambridgeB.OxfordC.LondonD.York6.InBritain,thankstothemilitantfeministmovementofthesuffragettesbeforetheFirstWorldWar,votesweregrantedtowomenover（）in1918.A.20B.25C.30D.357.By（）Britainhadbuiltupabigempire,onwhichthesunneverset.A.1900B.1910C.1920D.19308.InBritain,theToriesweretheforerunnersof（）,whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.A.theLaborPartyB.theConservativePartyC.theLiberalPartyD.theSocialDemocraticParty9.TheeldestsonofQueenElizabethⅡPrinceCharles,Princeof（）,istheheirtothethrone.A.EnglandB.ScotlandC.WalesD.NorthernIreland10.InBritain,afullmeetingof（）iscalledonlywhenaSovereigndiesorannounceshisorherintentiontomarry.A.thePrivyCouncilB.theHouseofLordsC.theHouseofCommonsD.theParliament11.InBritain,thehighestjudicialappointmentsaremadebytheQueenontheadviceof（）.A.theLordChancellorB.thePrimeMinisterC.theSpeakerD.theAttorneyGeneral12.InBritain,theSpeakerisamemberwhoisacceptabletoallshadesofopinionin（）.A.thePrivyCouncilB.theHouseofLordsC.theSupremeCourtD.theHouseofCommons13.TheBritishgovernmentdepartmentsarestaffedbymembersof（）,whosedutyistoassistincarryingoutlawspassedbyParliament.A.theCivilServiceB.thePrivyCouncilC.theHouseofLordsD.theHouseofCommons14.Inthe1970s,oilwasdiscoveredin（）,buttherevenuefromoildidnotcreateaneconomicmiracleforBritain.A.theEnglishChannelB.theIrishSeaC.theSt.GeorgeSeaD.theNorthSea15.LocalauthoritiesinGreatBritainraiserevenuethrough（）.A.theincometaxB.thecounciltaxC.thecapitalreceiptsD.personalcontribution16.Themoderngamesoftennisoriginatedin（）inthelate19thcentury.A.ScotlandB.IrelandC.EnglandD.Wales17.Americawasnamedafter（）.A.ItaliannavigatorColumbusB.navigatorAmerigoVespucciC.someIndianchieftainD.GeorgeWashington,foundingfatheroftheUnitedStates18.Between1860and1990,theUnitedStateswitnessed（）large-scalepopulationmovements.A.2B.3C.4D.519.AtthebeginningoftheBerlinBlockade,PresidentTrumanturneddowntheoptionof（）.A.sendingsuppliesthroughthehighways,protectedbytanksandtroopsB.sendingsuppliesthroughthewaterwaysC.startinglarge-scaleairliftingD.staringlimitedairliftingtotesttheSoviets20.In1900,theUnitedStatesrankedfirstintheproductionof（）.A.coalB.electricityC.oilD.wheat21.DuringtheWarofIndependence,Americaalliedwith（）.A.SpainB.FranceC.HollandD.Germany22.TheConstitutionalConventioninAmericawasattendedby（）.A.allofthe13statesB.allofthestatesexceptMarylandC.allofthestatesexceptRhodeIslandD.allofthestates,butlaterRhodeIslandwithdrewfromtheconvention23.PresidentTheodoreRooseveltmadeuseoftheHepburnActto（）.A.regulatefederal-fundedelectricityprojectB.maintainforestreservesC.regulaterailwaypriceD.bancorporationmerger24.IntheUnitedStates,HenryFordbecamefamous（）.A.becauseofhiswealthB.becausehesetuptheStandardOilCorporationC.becausehewasthefirsttoinventcarsD.becauseofhisModelTautomobile25.TheattitudeofmanyAmericanstowarddifferentpoliticalviewsafterWWⅡcanbedescribedas（）.A.followingthemaintrendofviewB.intolerantC.indifferentD.tolerant26.IntheU.S.,theRedScarerefersto（）.A.asenselesshysteriaaboutthedangerofcommunismB.afearofSovietsubversionC.asenselesshateofanythingforeignD.anintoleranceofanyideadifferentfromthemainstreamidea27.UrbanizationwasrealizedintheU.S.（）.A.in1900B.in1910C.afterWWID.afterWWⅡ28.IntheUnitedStates,thewinner-take-allsystemappliesto（）.A.allthestatesB.amajorityofthestatesC.allstatesexceptMaineD.onlyMaine29.InOldManandSea,Hemingwaypraisestheoldmansattitudetowards（）.A.defeatandfailureB.theseaC.hisworkD.nature30.InordertorememberGeorgeWashington（）.A.amemorialhallwasbuiltinhisbirthplaceB.amemorialhallwasbuiltinWashingtonD.C.C.atallwhiteWashingtonMonumentwasbuiltinthecapitalD.anexpensivecarwasnamedafterhim31.ThefinalbreakawayofAmericanforeignpolicyfromisolationismwas（）.A.thebombingofPearlHarborB.thefallofFranceC.GermanattackoftheSovietUnionD.thebattleofBritain32.IntheU.S.,thefastestgrowingminoritygroupis（）.A.theAfrican-AmericanB.theHispanic-AmericanC.theNativeIndiansD.theAsian-American33.ThenameCanadaisbelievedtobederivedfromanIndianwordKanata,meaning（）.A.asettlementB.acountryC.ameetingplaceD.acolony34.QuebecdiffersfromtheprovincesofCanadabecause（）.A.ithasthelargestpopulationB.itwasthefirstEuropeansettlementC.ithasastrongFrenchcultureD.itismorehighlydevelopedthanotherpartsofCanada35.Australiasmostcommonnativeplantsare（）.A.palmsandrosesB.willowsandsunflowersC.pinesandorchidsD.eucalyptsandwattles36.ThefirstwhitesettlementinAustraliawassetuponJanuary26,（）.A.1778B.1788C.1878D.188837.IrelandiscalledtheEmeraldIslebecauseof（）.A.itsshapeB.itsconnectionwithBritainC.itsabundantnaturalresourcesD.itsgreencountryside38.ThecentralpartofIrelandischaracterizedbymanylakes,lowridgesand（）.A.peatbogsB.rapidstreamsC.smallislandsD.highcliffs39.NewZealandconsistsoftwomainislands:（）.A.NorthIslandandSouthislandB.StewardIslandandLongIslandC.WestIslandandEastIslandD.VictorianislandandTasmanIsland40.NewZealandsclimateisgenerally（）andseasonaldifferencesarenotsogreat.A.dryandcoldB.mildandmoistC.hotandwetD.windyandcoldPARTTWO(60POINTS)Ⅱ.Giveaone-sentenceanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(30points,3pointsforeach)41.HowlongwasBritainundertheRomanoccupation?42.WhatisthemainfunctionoftheHouseofLordsinBritain?43.WhatwasthepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEngland?44.WhichsportisregardedastypicallyEnglish?45.WhataretheprincipalfunctionsofAmericanhighereducation?46.WhatismeantbyOperationOverlord?47.WhyAmericansarealwaysonthemove?48.HowwillyoucharacterizeAmericanforeignpolicyintheearly1930s?49.WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofCanadianclimate?50.Geographically,Australiacanbedividedintothreemajorregions.Whatarethey?Ⅲ.ExplaineachofthefollowingtermsinEnglish.Writeyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheetinaround40words.(20points,5pointsforeach)51.Stonehenge52.TheMetropolitanPoliceForce53.Foreclosure54.ChicanoⅣ.Writebetween100-120wordsonEITHERofthefollowingtopicsinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(10points)55.WhatisThatcherismandwhatarethemajorcomponentsofThatcherism?56.InwhatsensewastheWarof1812importanttothedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates?2005年試題答案I.1.A2.B3.D4.C5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C10.A11.B12.D13.A14.D15.B16.C17.B18.C19.A20.A21.B22.C23.C24.D25.A26.A27.D28.C29.A30.C31.A32.D33.A34.C35.D36.B37.D38.A39.A40.CII.41.BritainwasundertheRomanoccupationfornearly400years.42.ThemainfunctionoftheHouseofLordsistobringthewideexperienceofitstheprocessoflawmaking.43.ThepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandowners,whetherthetenants-in-chieforsubtenants,tooktheoathofallegianceforthelandtheyheld,notonlytotheirimmediatelord,butalsototheking.44.CricketisregardedasthetypicallyEnglishofsports.45.TheprincipalfunctionsofAmericanhighereducationareteaching,researchandpublicservice.46.OperationOverlordwasthecodenameforAllylandingonthesouthofFrance.ItwaslaunchedinMay,1944.ThedecisionoflaunchingOperationOverlordwasmadeattheTeheranConference47.Americansmovestoanewhomeeveryyearseekingnewjobopportunities,abetterclimateorsomeothergoals.48.Intheearly1930s,theAmericanforeignpolicywasisolationist.49.GenerallyspeakingtheclimateinCanadaisunfavorable.MuchofCanadahaslongandcoldwinterswithdeepsnow.50.TheyaretheGreatwesternPlateau,theEasternHighlandsandtheCentralEasternLowlands.III.51.Stonehenge:StonehengewasinWiltshire,constructedbefore2000BC.Exactlywhyitwasbuiltisunknownbutitmusthavehadreligiousandpoliticalsignificance.52.Themetropolitanpolice:ThepoliceservicefortheUnitedKingdomisorganizedandcontrolledonalocalbasisundertheHomeSecretaryandtheScottishandNorthernIrelandsecretaries.LondonsMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontroloftheHomesecretary.Attheendof1993policestrengthintheUnitedKingdomwasabout28.000belongedtotheMetropolitanPoliceForce.53.Foreclosure:Foreclosureisthetakingawayofpropertiesofthedebtorasaresultoffailuretopayinterest.54.Chicano:ChicanoisMexican-Americans,thethreemajorHispanicgroups,historicallyhavehadthegreatestinfluenceontheUnitedStates.IV.55.Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherismbecamethefirstwomenprimeministerinBritain.HerpoliciesarepopularlyrefereedtoasThatcherism.Thecomponentsincluded:1)thereturntoprivateownershipofstate-ownedindustries,2)theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,3)theweakeningoftradeunions,and4)thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.56.ThewarhadgreatimpactonthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates.1)Thewarmadepeoplerealizetheimportanceofastrongnationalgovernment.2)Thewarstrengthenedthefeelingofnationalunityandpatriotism.3)Foralmost10yearsafterthewar,theAmericansturnedtheirattentiontothedevelopmentofthewesternpartofthecontinent.4)ItmadebothBritainandUnitesStatesrealizethattheirdisputesshouldbesolvedthroughnegotiation.
解放軍文職招聘考試罵遍四方真秀才-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時間：2017-07-1813:23:54觀眾朋友們，大家好！本期《故事與法》，我們?nèi)耘f從故事里面引出一個中國傳統(tǒng)法律的一些特點，那么今天我們講的就叫罵遍四方真秀才。在明朝的小說《喻世名言》就是《古今小說》里面，它在第28卷，李秀卿義結(jié)黃貞女，在這個小說開頭的時候，這個作者引了一段俗話，就是當(dāng)時社會中普遍認(rèn)同的，大家都當(dāng)諺語講的一段俗話，說天下只有這三般口嘴極是厲害，天下有三張口是最厲害的，哪三張，第一張秀才口罵遍四方，第二張和尚口吃遍四方，第三張媒婆口傳遍四方。我們現(xiàn)在的讀者看了以后，對后兩個很認(rèn)同，和尚口吃遍四方，對和尚那張嘴，他自己又不勞動，他到處去化緣，就靠那張嘴吃飯，所以吃遍四方，還是可以理解。媒婆口傳遍四方，這個也可以理解，媒婆走東家串西家，那張嘴里面沒有真話的，騙人到處騙來騙去，幫男的騙著女的，女的騙著男的，騙來騙去，搞那個中介，這個也是大家能夠理解。對于第一點，大家可能不大會認(rèn)同，怎么叫秀才口罵遍四方，秀才，我們現(xiàn)在不是說知識分子、讀書人嘛，讀書人不是都是有知識、有身份的，有身份、有知識不是有教養(yǎng)，怎么會有這么一個罵大街的名聲在里面，秀才口罵遍四方，這如果說作者自己在那里寫，那可能是個作者受了秀才的氣，所以寫在那里，那可能我們還可以理解，但這個作者不是這樣，這個是他引一句俗話，叫俗語道：天下只有三般口嘴極為厲害，秀才口罵遍四方，和尚口吃遍四方，媒婆口傳遍四方。顯然，秀才在里面是第一位的，罵遍四方是當(dāng)時這個社會上普遍對于秀才的觀感，是不是這樣？我們來看一個小說里的故事，我們來看看這個秀才是不是有這么狠?！度辶滞馐贰愤@個小說專門是講秀才，這里面講一個，有一個小騙子秀才，小騙子秀才叫牛浦，牛浦頂著人家的名字，然后和另外一個秀才，他們到儀征旅行的時候，看到了一個帶方巾跟他們穿一樣秀才服裝的人，然后三個人談得很投機，那個人就提出要請他們吃飯，結(jié)果就到了儀征大街上最有名的大觀樓，里面坐下在那里吃飯。剛吃到一半，就看到這酒樓里面搖搖晃晃走進(jìn)來兩個秀才，前面那個秀才小說原文是這樣的，前面一個穿一件繭綢直裰，是一件絲的袍子，但是胸前油了一塊，胸前一大塊油，也沒洗，很臟的。后面一個，穿一件玄色直裰長衫，兩個袖子破得逛蕩蕩的，這兩個袖子都是洞，所以晃來晃去，不要看這兩個人破，不要這兩個人窮，這兩個人跑到這里面，他們現(xiàn)在這三個人在這吃的這個飯，這兩個秀才都吃不起，但是這兩個人狠，跑進(jìn)來就破口大罵，一把揪住剛才請客那個穿秀才服裝的人，上去啪啪兩個大嘴巴子，然后就是又打又罵，捉你去見官。為什么呢？原來請他們吃飯這個人，不是真的秀才，那個人是當(dāng)?shù)丶嗽豪锏囊粋€烏龜，他喜歡穿那個秀才，穿這個秀才服裝顯得有身份，他穿了秀才的行頭，結(jié)果被這兩個真秀才看到了，就是一頓打罵，打罵了以后，打得那個烏龜最后跪地求饒，你以為兩個秀才真的是為了捍衛(wèi)秀才的身份嗎？也不是，也不過就是要了三兩銀子走了，把他身上搜了半天，也就三兩銀子，拿了走了，你看在當(dāng)時的人們的印象里面，這個秀才就是穿長衫、穿靴子，但是走在路上搖搖擺擺，別人不敢惹的，跟我們現(xiàn)在講的地痞流氓來了差不多，像黑社會一樣。這個實在有點搞不懂，那秀才不是讀書人嗎？讀書人為什么會這樣去罵人呢？為什么會在社會得到一個罵遍四方這樣的名聲？這里面我們就要對明清建立這個秀才制度我們講一下。解說一：秀才是古代民間對讀書人的一種稱呼，在官方的正式稱呼里應(yīng)該是生員，意思是官辦學(xué)校里有名額限制的學(xué)生。我們現(xiàn)在一想到學(xué)生，就以為應(yīng)該是以讀書為主業(yè)的人，可是明、清時所謂的秀才學(xué)生，主要是指一種特權(quán)身份，讀書倒是在其次的事。那么，在古代，人們?nèi)〉眯悴诺纳矸?，需要?jīng)過哪些考試？考取了秀才身份以后，又能夠獲得哪些特權(quán)呢？罵遍四方真秀才，秀才何以罵四方？法律講堂正在播出。明朝跟清朝它建立的科舉制度里面，在那個制度里面，秀才所謂秀才，我們老百姓叫做秀才，實際上是指在這個科舉制度第一個階梯，就是通過了國家考試，然后能夠成為官辦學(xué)校，正式學(xué)生的這樣一個身份。明朝這樣規(guī)定，明朝清朝都是這樣的，每年在這個縣里面，舉行一個考試，由每一個地方官的長官，主持考一個縣試或者叫州試，這個考試是由地方長官主持的，參加報考的人，稱之為叫俊秀，這個俊秀你長得再丑也叫俊秀，你胡子再長仍舊叫俊秀，然后在那里考試，考完了以后每年考一次，縣官發(fā)榜錄取，這個錄取沒有名額限制，所以縣官高興錄取多少就錄取多少，錄取完的人就稱為叫童生，這個童生是讀書人第一個階梯，童生的任何地位都沒有，只不過承認(rèn)你是個讀書人，然后你就要考秀才，考秀才你一直考不取你就一直是童生，五十歲、六十歲胡子再白、再長，仍舊是童生。做了童生以后，兩年或者三年然后由省里面的一個負(fù)責(zé)教育的學(xué)政，他在省里面進(jìn)行巡回，巡回主持考試，那么他巡回到你這個地方，一般五六個縣，指定一個縣作為他的考場，然后在那個縣，這五六個縣的考生童生全都可以來報名參加這個考試，這個考試錄取難度就非常大，每個縣錄取幾個，每兩到三年，每一次可以錄取幾個，這個是有嚴(yán)格的名額限制。那么考取了秀才怎么樣呢？考取了秀才不得了，考取了秀才一下子就跟童生拉開距離了，考取了秀才并不是說你是讀書人，你現(xiàn)在是政府官辦學(xué)校的正式學(xué)生，而且你這個學(xué)生將來是準(zhǔn)備做官的，所以你就成為特權(quán)階層，這種特權(quán)我們現(xiàn)在看起來，這種特權(quán)也是好像沒什么意思，在當(dāng)時意義大得不得了。比如說做了秀才你就可以穿長衫，秀才有專門秀才長衫，叫藍(lán)衫，長的，袖子很寬大了，到了清朝就變成窄袖了，頭上可以戴一頂秀才的方巾，就是我們平時在很多影視劇作品，或者在古代壁畫，或者古代的美術(shù)作品里面可以看到，后面有兩根翅的那種，有兩根鸞翅的那種帽子，戴在頭上，上面鑲一塊玉，這個別人都不能戴的，這個是專門秀才的方巾，你如果平常人戴了，你是老百姓戴了，像剛才講的，那個妓院里的烏龜，那就是給真秀才看到，就是一頓打，這個是秀才能夠穿這個。另外一個秀才最重要的標(biāo)志，其他老百姓最多只能穿鞋子，不能穿靴子，秀才可以穿靴子。長筒靴我們現(xiàn)在有錢就可以穿長筒靴，古代不是，秀才才能穿長筒靴，可以是布頭靴筒，也可以是皮靴筒，秀才穿。所以一雙靴子跟這個長衫是秀才的標(biāo)志，所以《儒林外史》里面講，那個秀才胸口油了一大塊，他不舍得洗，因為他可能只有這一件洗掉的話他就完蛋了，他就沒得穿，所以他只好盡管油著他還放在那里，表明自己的身份，那個靴子也是，那個靴子十個腳趾全在外面，他也不舍得脫，他也要穿，破靴秀才也是當(dāng)時一個標(biāo)志，秀才穿那個破靴子在街上走。除了這個衣著打扮以外，最明顯的標(biāo)志，可以免除對國家的徭役，除了你自己，家里還可以免除兩個。比如說中國古代它這樣規(guī)定的，每個老百姓每年都必須為國家義務(wù)勞動，這個義務(wù)勞動也不一定真正要你去干，但是它可以折合成交錢，這個是如果政府不要錢，它就要你去干活，幫政府打雜，或者幫政府去筑長城、建城墻、挖運河，這個都你必須要去做的，秀才可以不去，秀才家屬可以不去，這個你們?nèi)チx務(wù)勞動我不去，這個就是他的特權(quán)，另外一個更重要的特權(quán)，秀才看到地方官，所有的老百姓看到官員，看到長官都必須跪在地上迎接，嘴里要稱大老爺，跟這個長官講話，都要叫青天大老爺，要叫老爺至少。秀才不用，秀才看到大老爺過來，看到縣官過來，拱拱手叫老師就可以了，這就是一個特權(quán)，我們現(xiàn)在看到這算什么特權(quán)，這個在當(dāng)時是了不得的特權(quán)，人家都跪在那里，你站在那里，這就是特權(quán)，就是站著的特權(quán)，你只要拱拱手，叫聲老師就可以了。另外我們現(xiàn)在看看也不咋地，也不怎么樣，但是當(dāng)時作為是很重要的一個特權(quán)。另外一個我們現(xiàn)在看看不咋地的一個特權(quán)，在當(dāng)時很重要的一個特權(quán)，秀才不受身體刑，你犯了罪，不打屁股，秀才犯任何罪，不受刑訊、不打屁股，犯殺人罪、強奸罪、搶劫罪、強盜罪這種重罪抓來，但是不能刑訊，要對他用刑審訊的話，必須要得到省里面的那個學(xué)道，那個教育主管部門的批準(zhǔn)，才能夠?qū)@個秀才動用刑訊。還有一個特權(quán)我們現(xiàn)在看看也是無所謂的，還有一個打官司的特權(quán)，古代打官司，所有的原被告都必須親自到場，親自到場，縣官坐在這里審案，原告跪在這里，被告跪在這里，都必須跪在那里講話，秀才可以不去，秀才他有這個特權(quán)，一般的案件他不用去起訴，他不用親自去到庭，他不用出庭，寫一個兩指寬的條子，交給傳給縣官，叫治生，在你治理下的一個學(xué)生，某某某，為了某事，請老師發(fā)落，他就可以了，這個就算是起訴了，他不用寫那個正式的書狀，自己也可以不出庭，叫家里的一個管家，或者一個朋友代他去出庭，這個就可以了。如果萬一他自己愿意去出庭，他就要跪在那里，但是他跪在那里，他說話隨便說，縣官不能打他，因為你打他你要通過省里同意，你要到省里報批準(zhǔn)的話，一來一回半個月至少，原來的縣官是要打誰就打誰，在縣里面，就是秀才是打不得的，所以這個就是特權(quán)。這種特權(quán)我們現(xiàn)在想想好像沒有什么物質(zhì)力，我們要知道，一個社會里面支撐我們生活的，并不僅僅是物質(zhì)，這個社會對你的認(rèn)同，你在這個社會里面享有的特權(quán)，這種滿足感，這種成就感，在當(dāng)時非常追求這個，所以秀才可以很窮，很多秀才家里窮得揭不開鍋。秀才可以很窮，但是他有社會地位，他有特權(quán)身份，所以絕大部分秀才他都是為了這個特權(quán)身份在考，在拼命地考試，他平時沒有錢，沒有社會地位，一旦考取秀才，盡管他沒有錢，沒有直接的物質(zhì)力，但是他獲得一個社會地位，物質(zhì)力有沒有？有那么一點點，你做了秀才以后，每年必須要參加，理論上每個月都要參加考試，每個月參加一批考試，考試在平時那個成績里面，被認(rèn)為是好的，那么政府給你膏火銀，給你伙食費，但這個名額非常少，在一個縣里面沒有多少，一個縣里面他要憑的，要連一年你都是優(yōu)等的，好，那就給你膏火銀，這個銀子不多，但是夠你伙食費。這個也是很了不得，你連著幾年都能夠得到膏火銀，能夠得到政府的供應(yīng)伙食費的，說明你這個學(xué)業(yè)好，那么你將來選拔的時候可以優(yōu)先上去。所以這個是秀才的一個特權(quán)地位，這個是靠考試考來的特權(quán)地位。所以在這里面他考試，很難講他這個考試是為了讀書，他這個考試很大程度上是為了獲得一個社會地位，獲得這樣一個特權(quán)地位。那么這個特權(quán)地位保證了這批秀才，他可以不受身體刑，縣官不能隨便打他們，也不能隨便罵他們，所以使得他們逐漸成為一個勢力集團(tuán)，在本地，成為一個勢力集團(tuán)，可以和官府抗衡的勢力集團(tuán)。秀才口罵遍四方，為什么秀才能夠罵人就這個道理，按照明朝清朝的法律不能罵人的，罵人者打十下，回罵者打十下，都要打屁股的，所以縣官可以說你罵人打10下，但是只有秀才再罵人沒有辦法打，因為秀才是不能打的。所以中國傳統(tǒng)社會里面講到秀才就是他不受一般法律約束的，看到官也不怕的。所以秀才在這里完全是在利用他們的特權(quán)身份，在作威作福，他這個作威作福的力量不是來自于他經(jīng)濟上的力量，來自于法律給予他們的這個特權(quán)的身份。解說二：既然考取了秀才以后，就能夠獲得如此多的社會特權(quán)，這無形中增加了人們對于秀才這個特權(quán)階層的向往。為了獲得秀才這個特權(quán)階層的頭銜，通過讀書的途徑其實是很困難的。除此之外，人們獲取秀才頭銜的途徑還有考武秀才和捐監(jiān)，秀才之所以落得罵遍四方的惡名與這兩項制度可以說有一定的關(guān)系。那么秀才是不是只要靠讀書？不是的，這個也是秀才后來被人罵一個很重要的原因。我們今天講的讀書的秀才，叫文秀才。還有一種秀才叫武秀才，你通過你是在武術(shù)方面有能力的，選拔做武秀才，將來考武舉人，將來還可以考武狀元、武進(jìn)士，將來出去做軍官，可以出去做軍官，但是絕大部分人武秀才不是去做軍官，因為做軍官太危險了他就是考一個秀才，然后就可以作威作福，欺壓良善，只不過這個武秀才比文秀才難考，因為文秀才只要讀書就可以了，只要買些書買些紙就可以了，這個武秀才不行，你要買馬，你要會騎馬，你還要射箭，你個弓箭都是很貴的，還要有武術(shù)教師教你，你還要各種各樣的器械，而且還要吃得要好，你要體力好，所以傳統(tǒng)叫，貧文富武，武科舉考試它這個來的大部分都是富家子弟，有錢人子弟，每個縣武秀才也有那么將近十個名額。除了武秀才以外，明、清兩代政府還拿這個秀才可以買的，他經(jīng)常讓這個秀才去捐，賣給，去出賣秀才的頭銜，凡是遇到政府、朝廷、財政危機了，它就宣布一個特別政策，說今年因為某某財政危機，所以今年老百姓只要肯出錢，出到錢就可以給他一個秀才的頭銜做做，這些秀才一般叫監(jiān)生，他不是給的地方上的那個，因為地方上的那個官辦學(xué)校員額都限制很緊的，他就算是國子監(jiān)生，就北京的國子監(jiān)生，他也不用到北京來，在地方上交了錢就是秀才，地方上的秀才，但是他這個名額算是中央給的，中央國子監(jiān)給的，每賣一批多少，我們現(xiàn)在搞不清楚，每賣一批，賣掉多少秀才頭銜，我們不知道，這個材料現(xiàn)在不是很全，但是他經(jīng)常會搞，尤其到了清朝變成定期了，每隔幾年搞一次，每隔幾年搞一次，就是你在十年之內(nèi)，你可以總要搞兩三次，價錢也不是很高，明朝的時候一百三十兩銀子就可以了；到了清朝乾隆年間，我們從《儒林外史》里面看到，是二百兩銀子；那么后來逐步逐步跌價，大概到了太平天國那個時候，大概是一百兩銀子左右就可以買一個秀才頭銜。那么不讀書的，讀書，不是為了讀書，讀書是為了獲得一個特權(quán)身份，靠拳頭粗、力量足武術(shù)好，也能夠獲得這個特權(quán)身份，拿錢買也可以獲得這個特權(quán)身份，所以我們現(xiàn)在講的這個秀才集團(tuán)里面，并不完全是以讀書人為主，里面有很多都是武夫，或者是拿錢買的商人，他們買或者用這個武夫去獲得，通過這個對武術(shù)方面練習(xí)的投資，來獲得這個秀才的身份，并不為了讀書，也不是為了做官，因為他知道，如果要去做官的話，考試這個費用很高的，也有些讀書人，秀才實在考不取，沒有辦法，先捐一個秀才，然后再去考，這個也有，但是這個比較少，絕大部分人拿錢就是買一個秀才頭銜，買了這個秀才以后，他就獲得特權(quán)身份。我們從秀才口罵遍四方這個我們也知道，秀才跟我們現(xiàn)在理解的知識分子完全是兩回事，他并不是以讀書為業(yè)，他既不是在讀書當(dāng)中，他并不是依靠讀書獲得知識來跟市場進(jìn)行交換，來獲得他的收入，來獲得他的經(jīng)濟地位，像我們現(xiàn)在的大部分讀書人、知識分子，拿知識跟市場進(jìn)行交換，對這個社會進(jìn)行服務(wù)，然后交換獲得他的物質(zhì)生活來源，說得再簡單一點，出賣自己的知識。古代的秀才不是這樣，他自己根本就沒有知識，他只不過是保住一個特權(quán)的地位，而且這種特權(quán)地位表現(xiàn)的方式，他為了表示他有這個特權(quán)地位，所以他需要打人罵人里表示，他有這個權(quán)利，人家不能惹他們。如果他是個善良之輩，他不欺負(fù)別人，那至少別人不敢欺負(fù)他。解說三：由于秀才這種特權(quán)身份的保護(hù)，秀才罵人打人，橫行鄉(xiāng)里，一般不會受到律的懲罰，不過，凡事也有例外的時候。罵遍四方真秀才，秀才、何以落罵名？法律講堂正在播出。清朝筆記小說里面有一個故事很有意思，有一個武秀才專門就是橫行鄉(xiāng)里，欺負(fù)老百姓，有一天在路上走，看到一個農(nóng)民擔(dān)著大糞在那里走，結(jié)果那個農(nóng)民走到他身邊的時候，正好顛了一下，絆了一下，身體搖了一搖，糞桶里的糞就濺出來，濺到那個秀才身上，濺到那個秀才的長衫上，那個秀才大怒，他自己也不高興打他，就揪住這個農(nóng)民，把那個農(nóng)民罵，那個農(nóng)民跪在那里跟他求饒，拖著農(nóng)民要到縣衙門，他說，他侮辱秀才要打，要賠禮道歉，他向我賠禮道歉，磕頭賠禮道歉，原來是要縣官打這個農(nóng)民，后來那個縣官跑出來，你打他干什么，打你算什么呢？對不對，只不過把你衣服弄臟了，讓他洗干凈不就可以了嗎，你打他對你有什么好處，那個秀才想想，我不能讓他白白地臭了我，叫他給我磕頭?？亩嗌倏h官說，磕一百個，縣官說好好，聽見沒有，這個秀才老爺讓你叩一百，你就給他叩一百個頭，咚咚咚那個農(nóng)民就給他叩一百個，等到那個農(nóng)民叩了七十多下，那個縣官就，等會兒等會兒，他說秀才先生，我剛才忘記問你了，你是文秀才是武秀才？那個秀才實際上他知道，這是當(dāng)?shù)赜忻囊粋€無賴，他說我是武秀才，不對不對，文秀才被糞沾污了，要叩一百個，你是武秀才，武秀才要比文秀才折半，叩五十就夠了，剛才你叩了幾個了，旁邊兩個皂隸講，叩了七十個，不對不對，叩七十個多了，多叩了二十個了，把這個農(nóng)民扶好，把這個農(nóng)民起來，叫這個農(nóng)民坐在椅子上坐好，叫兩個皂隸按著他，你坐在那里，然后跟這個武秀才講，剛才他多叩了你二十個頭，你現(xiàn)在還他二十個頭，秀才哪里肯，結(jié)果這個縣官就下令，這怎么不肯，你剛才沒講清楚，你多要人家叩了你二十個頭，現(xiàn)在你還他二十個頭，你不肯，就叫兩個皂隸按著他，把他的頭按到地上，咚咚咚，給這個農(nóng)民叩了二十個，然后那個秀才又羞又惱跑掉了。這個縣官就在后面放聲大笑，這是一個清官、是一個好官，他有意折騰這個武秀才，文秀才他不敢的。文秀才不能這樣折騰，因為文秀才是讀書人。所以秀才集團(tuán)里面，都有特權(quán)意識，但是文秀才他組成了更加緊密的集團(tuán)，文秀才有老師、有同學(xué)，有各種各樣的關(guān)系在朝廷上層，你這樣做了以后，他們會通過各種渠道，把你對他們進(jìn)行的侮辱，像這種侮辱，會傳遞上去，那你這個縣官就做不成，武秀才這種關(guān)系一般比較少，武秀才一般都是當(dāng)?shù)氐暮兰澖袩o賴，所以他這樣治他一下，也問題不大，不會引起什么嚴(yán)重后果。好了，我們總結(jié)一下，秀才口罵遍四方，這個里面我們已經(jīng)再三強調(diào)了，秀才跟我們現(xiàn)在的讀書人是兩個概念，中國古代的秀才他是一個特權(quán)分子，他是靠通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考試來獲得，或者通過武術(shù)練習(xí)來獲得，或者通過錢財購買到他這樣一種特權(quán)地位。對于讀書本身來說，這個秀才跟讀書并不直接發(fā)生聯(lián)系，絕大部分秀才只是為了這個特權(quán)身份，而不是為了讀書，這個也就是中國，世界上最早的。理論上講你把他尊為秀才，給他特權(quán)地位，好像在尊重知識分子、尊重讀書人，但實際上也正是這個特權(quán)地位害了這個讀書人，害了知識分子，他成為一個封閉的既得利益集團(tuán)，這種既得利益不是物質(zhì)利益，他這個社會力量、社會地位以及他的社會影響力，他是這樣一個地位，而且他們也利用這個地位，非但沒有幫助整個社會前進(jìn)，在很多程度上，他們對于整個社會禍害，對于這個社會秩序的禍害，也使老百姓對他們的負(fù)面評價，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過對他們的正面評價，以至于得出這個秀才口罵遍四方這樣一個惡評。好，我們今天通過這樣一個諺語，引出幾個故事，然后給大家介紹一下，中國古代有關(guān)讀書人的法律制度，希望大家喜歡，謝謝！
